UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT   LOS  ANGELES 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS 


PRACTICAL  AND  EFFECTIVE  METHODS  GOVERNING 
THEIR  CARE.  USE  AND   MAINTENANCE. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO 

THE  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS 


MARSHALL  M.  K1RKMAN. 


PUBLISHED   BY 

THE  WORLD  RAILWAY  PUBLISHING  CO. 


NEW  YORK  AND  CHICAGO: 

THE  WORLD  RAILWAY  PUBLISHING  CO. 

1904 


COPYRIGHT  BY 
THE  WORLD  RAILWAY  PUBLISHING  Co., 

1904. 

ALSO  ENTERED  AT  STATIONER'S  HALL,  LONDON,  ENGLAND. 
All  rights  reserved. 


,TF 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS, 


PAGE 

INTRODUCTION.     Cars    and    Men 3 

CHAPTER  I.     Distribution  and  use  of  cars.     The  car  service 

agent .       5 

CHAPTER  II.  List  of  car  service  agents'  forms  ....  25 
CHAPTER  III.  Forms  used  by  car  service  agent  ....  27 
CHAPTER  IV.  Particulars  of  trains 59 

CHAPTER  V.  Demurrage  and  storage  service.  Expediting  the 
loading  and  unloading  of  cars  and  removal  of  freight 
from  platforms  and  warehouses 67 

'CHAPTER  VI.     Forms  used  in  supervising  and  administering 

the  demurrage  and  storage  service 83 

CHAPTER  VII.  Joint  use  of  cars  by  railroads  and  the  super- 
visory accounting  occasioned  thereby 97 

CHAPTER  VIII.  Forms  used  by  Auditor  of  car  accounts. 
List  of  same 117 

CHAPTER  IX.    Care  and  maintenance  of  cars 155 

CHAPTER  X.  Arrangement  of  car  shops  and  organization  of 
forces  .  .  . 169 

CHAPTER  XI.  List  of  forms  by  the  aid  of  which  those  in 
charge  are  advised  of  the  needs,  workings  and  results 
achieved  in  the  car  department 189 

INDEX  .  287 


INTRODUCTION. 


CARS  AND  MEN. 

The  Cars  of  a  railroad  are  like  the  pockets  in 
which  men  carry  their  wealth.  If  the  pockets 
are  full,  the  owners  wear  fine  raiment,  live  sump- 
tuously and  wax  fat;  on  the  other  hand  if  empty, 
their  cheeks  are  hollow,  their  coats  shabby  and 
they  carry  about  with  them,  withal,  a  creaky, 
hungry  cough,  that  suggests  the  undertaker  and 
the  scrap  heap. 

Empty  cars  are  like  an  empty  stomach — they 
afford  no  nourishment  to  the  body.  On  the  other 
hand,  full  cars  like  a  well  nourished  stomach, 
mean  vigorous  life  with  plenty  of  good  red  blood 
coursing  through  the  system;  and  cars,  like  men, 
need  plenty  of  exercise — but  on  full  stomachs. 
Idleness  in  their  case  is  what  idleness  is  to  men 
— waste,  impoverishment,  decay,  premature 
death. 

It  is  the  province  of  those  who  look  after  the 
traffic  of  railroads  to  see  that  loads  are  provided 
for  cars;  and  it  is  the  duty  of  those  who  super- 
vise the  movement  of  equipment  to  see  that  it 
renders  the  maximum  service  with  the  least  out- 
lay and  waste  possible. 

(3) 


CHAPTER  I. 

DISTRIBUTION  AND  USE  OF  CARS — THE  CAR  SER- 
VICE AGENT. 

The  cars  of  a  railroad  are  the  receptacles  in 
which  its  earnings  are  nourished.  If  delay  oc- 
curs in  tilling  these,  or  the  supply  is  insufficient, 
or  fails  to  nourish  the  system,  the  result  is  a 
breakdown,  loss  of  vital  force,  perhaps  bank- 
ruptcy. 

It  is  with  freight  cars  as  it  is  with  locomotives 
in  regard  to  supply  and  demand.  No  railway 
can  keep  in  the  service  sufficient  vehicles  to  sup- 
ply the  maximum  demand  there  will  be  on 
particular  days,  or  during  the  rush  season  which 
attends  the  business  of  every  carrier.  The  most 
it  can  do  is  to  meet  reasonable  requirements. 
When  business  is  normal  little  difficulty  is  found 
in  supplying  promptly,  the  demands  of  shippers. 
But  when  business  is  extra  urgent,  when  the 
public  clamor  for  cars,  then  the  ingenuity  of 
those  in  charge  is  taxed  to  the  utmost  to  meet 
requirements,  and  so  apportion  the  supply  avail- 
able as  to  satisfy  the  reasonable  requirements  of 
the  public  and  gain  the  greatest  revenue  to  the 
carrier  with  the  least  outlay  incident  thereto. 

Railroads  are  built  to  do  business ;  to  make 
money,  in  the  main,  by  carrying  passengers  and 

(6) 


6  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

freight.  Of  the  needs  of  the  passenger  service, 
which,  as  a  rule,  is  of  stable  and  uniform  quan- 
tity, facilities  are  generally  adequate  and  the 
organization  and  disposition  of  the  service  simple 
and  direct  in  consequence.  With  freight,  how* 
ever,  it  is  different.  This  is  ever  an  unknown 
quantity.  The  traffic  department  by  wise  and 
far-reaching  industry,  and  through  the  exercise 
of  tact  and  a  promise  to  protect  patrons  in  the 
handling  of  their  goods,  aids  in  building  up  a 
stable  and  lucrative  business— if,  concurrently, 
the  operating  department  is  able  to  meet  the 
needs  of  the  service  with  necessary  cars  and 
motive  power.  If  either  of  these  is  lacking, 
however,  business  is  delayed  and  oftentimes  lost 
in  consequence.  This  has  always  been  true  but 
with  increased  competition,  has  become  more  pro- 
nounced; and  it  may  be  truly  said  that  there  is 
very  little  freight  carried  by  railroads  that  is  not 
competitive;  that  some  other  carrier — by  land 
or  water — is  not  striving  to  gain  or  divert ; 
and  will  gain  or  divert  if  able  to  offer 
better  facilities — greater  surety  in  regard  to 
the  movement  of  the  traffic,  and  greater  celerity 
in  handling  it.  There  are  few  situations,  few 
localities  so  isolated  that  shippers  are  compelled 
to  submit  patiently  to  delays  in  supplying  their 
wants.  In  remote  parts  of  the  world  there  may 
be,  indeed  there  are,  localities  where  the  carrier 
may,  with  perfect  reasonableness,  decline  to 
send  a  car  forward  until  there  is  a  full  load, 
whether  it  be  hours  or  days  in  filling.  In  such 
cases  there  is  the  maximum  profit  to  the  carrier. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  7 

Shippers  understand  the  situation  and  their 
business  is  built  up  to  conform  thereto.  They 
acquiesce  perforce  in  the  rule  that  cars  must  be 
filled,  and  afterwards  will  not  be  hauled  until 
there  are  full  train-loads.  Thus  the  maximum 
train  mile  tonnage  is  assured  the  carrier  to  the 
great  gratification  of  owner  and  manager,  and 
the  no  less  great  shame  and  mortification  of 
managers  of  other  roads  where  traffic  must  meet 
the  instant  wants  of  the  patrons  or  be  lost;  and 
where,  too,  the  result  of  such  futile  operations 
will,  nevertheless,  be  compared  with  the  more 
favored  company — and  very  likely  criticised  un- 
justly because  of  the  relatively  poor  showing. 

Delay  in  moving  freight  represents  loss  to 
manufacturers  and  merchants,  possibly  injury 
to  trade;  and,  so,  quite  likely  its  diversion  to 
some  other  point  of  shipment.  Thus,  if  there  is 
lack  of  effective  service  carriers  may,  and  do, 
lose  business.  It  follows,  therefore,  that  not 
only  must  a  railway  be  supplied  with  necessary 
equipment,  but  those  in  charge  must  exercise 
requisite  skill  in  making  it  available — must  meet 
the  emergencies  of  business  that  mean  prosperity 
or  the  reverse.  And  it  needs  no  demonstration 
to  prove  that  a  railroad  company  may  have  suffi- 
cient equipment  to  meet  every  reasonable  re- 
quirement and  yet  be  unable  to  do  so  through 
lax  methods — want  of  system  in  handling  its  cars. 
It  is  not  probable  that  there  are  any  such  cases 
of  general  or  aggravated  occurrence,  (for  railway 
companies  are  ever  wise  in  selecting  their 
officers)  but  a  feature  to  be  considered  is  that  a 


8  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

single  failure  to  comprehend  the  situation  and 
meet  it  skillfully,  foretells  loss  as  real  and  palp- 
able as  the  loss  of  a  company's  cash  or  securities 
through  neglect  to  safeguard  the  same. 

It  is  undoubtedly  true  that  with  some  com- 
panies the  movement  of  traffic  requires  the  hand- 
ling of  dead  weight  to  a  greater  extent  than  with 
others.  Fortunate  the  carrier  that  has  a  load  in 
both  directions  for  his  cars;  but  in  every  case  a 
considerable  percentage  of  empty  cars  must  be 
hauled  back  and  forth  to  meet  the  requirements 
of  business.  And  this  is  an  engrossing  feature 
that  invites  and  receives  constant  attention. 
The  official  in  charge  follows  each  individual  car 
with  watchful  solicitude  and  is  quick  to  side- 
track it  for  a  load  at  the  earliest  possible  mo- 
ment. And  when  the  returns  for  the  month  are 
summed  up,  he  notes  with  anxious  brow  the  re- 
lation that  the  mileage  of  empty  cars  bears  to 
the  mileage  of  loaded  cars.  And  if  he  has  added 
somewhat  to  the  latter,  he  is  gratified — and  very 
properly  so — for  it  represents  a  distinct  gain  to 
his  company  in  dollars  and  cents. 

The  handling  and  distribution  of  cars,  even 
where  the  supply  is  abundant,  is  attended  by 
many  embarrassments.  Thus,  in  the  midst  of 
busy  preparations  to  meet  known  or  expected 
wants,  a  washout  or  a  great  storm  will  interrupt 
traffic,  and  so  utterly  disarrange  all  the  plans 
that  have  been  made — put  back  the  movement 
of  cars  for  hours,  perhaps  weeks.  Needless  to 
say,  when  such  mishaps  occur  the  officers  of  a 
railroad  are  greatly  annoyed  and,  oftentimes,  un- 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  9 

justly  criticised.  On  the  other  hand,  everything 
else  being  propitious,  there  may  be  a  lack  of  mo- 
tive power,  either  through  some  temporary  de- 
rangement of  the  system  or  absolute  lack  of  en- 
gines to  do  the  business.  Such  contingencies  are 
unavoidable  and  always  will  be.  But  of  these 
vexations  shippers  know  nothing.  Or,  if  the 
matter  is  explained  to  them,  give  the  carrier 
little  indulgence.  Nor  is  it  desirable,  perhaps, 
that  they  should.  Sharp  criticism — continual 
and  urgent  demand  for  accommodation — even 
though  unreasonable,  while  annoying,  neverthe- 
less urges  a  management  to  the  utmost  that  its 
own  conscience  may  be  acquitted  of  blame. 

The  multiplication  of  classes  of  cars  to  meet 
different  kinds  of  traffic  while  it  has  greatly 
fostered  and  increased  the  freight  traffic  of  rail- 
roads, has  added  immensely  to  the  labor  of  ap- 
portioning cars  to  meet  the  varied  wants  that 
these  diverse  vehicles  are  intended  to  serve. 
Thus  it  is  well  known  that  refrigerator  cars  have, 
through  their  adaptability,  created  an  enormous 
traffic  that  did  not,  nor  could  not  exist  without 
them;  and  so  it  is  in  a  lesser  degree,  perhaps,  with 
other  patterns  of  cars.  Naturally  these  cars, 
adapted  to  peculiar  needs,  are  eagerly  sought  by 
shippers  and  oftentimes  when  a  standard  box  or 
flat  car  could  be  made  to  answer.  Nevertheless, 
the  carrier  desires  to  afford  the  customer  exactly 
what  he  wants,  and  it  results  from  the  demand, 
and  the  necessarily  restricted  supply,  that  the 
demand  is  always  in  excess  of  the  supply,  and 
probably  always  will  be.  Naturally  the  car  that 


10  SCIENCE  OF  RAIL  WA  YS. 

a  railroad  company  can  utilize  for  the  greatest 
number  of  purposes  is  the  more  profitable  to  it. 
For  the  cost  to  carriers  in  meeting  demands  for 
special  forms  of  cars  is  greater  than  in  other 
cases,  for  the  reason  that  they  oftentimes  have 
to  be  moved  long  distances  empty  in  order  to 
reach  the  place  where  required.  It  is  true,  that 
because  of  the  peculiar  nature  of  the  freight,  or 
the  greater  amount  that  may  be  thus  handled, 
there  will  be  an  offset  in  revenue,  in  some  de- 
gree, to  this  expense.  But  on  the  other  hand  it 
too  frequently  happens  that  these  special  cars 
have  no  load  except  in  one  direction.  The  char- 
acter of  these  cars  needs  only  to  be  known  to  em- 
phasize this  fact.  Thus  there  is  a  car  specially 
adapted,  with  permanent  coops,  for  live  poultry 
whereby  fowl  may  be  watered  and  fed  and  kept 
apart  in  transit,  and  so  brought  to  market  in 
good  condition;  so,  too,  of  cars  for  horses,  sup- 
plied with  stalls  and  water  facilities;  refrigerator 
cars  for  fruit,  dressed  meats,  vegetables,  beer  and 
similar  perishable  freight.  Now,  while  it  is  true 
that  traffic  thus  handled  may  pay  better  than  or- 
dinary car-lots,  yet  the  handling  of  the  cars  en- 
tails unusual  expense  and  oftentimes  the  supply 
is  out  of  all  proportion  to  the  requirements  of 
the  service.* 

As  a  rule  an  official  known  as  The  Car  Service 
Agent  has  supervision  over  the  freight  cars  of 
railroads.  When  cars  are  required  at  any  par- 

*  Among  the  forms  elsewhere  herein,  will  be  found  a  "List 
of  Freight  Cars,"  comprising  the  different  classes  that  are  in 
more  or  less  general  use  by  the  railroads  of  America. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  11 

ticular  point  he  is  advised  and  makes  his  disposi- 
tions accordingly.  Great  progress  has  been 
made  in  this  particular  branch  of  the  service  -in 
the  way  of  systematizing  the  work  so  as  to  pre- 
vent cars  lying  idle,  and  to  otherwise  insure  the 
economical  and  effective  handling  of  equipment. 
Thus,  if  a  car  is  needed  at  any  particular  station 
and  there  is  a  car  available  nearby,  the  Car  Ser- 
vice Agent  has  knowledge  of  both  facts  and  the 
company  is  thus  saved  the  expense  of,  perhaps, 
moving  a  car  from  a  more  distant  point.  He 
not  only  supplies  the  cars  needed  for  traffic,  but 
knows  what  cars  are  most  available  for  the  pur- 
pose. His  duties  are,  consequently,  very  im- 
portant. But  he  is  much  dependent  upon 
others,  especially  division  superintendents,  train 
dispatchers,  train  masters  and  station  agents; 
and  their  hearty  and  intelligent  co-operation  is 
imperatively  necessary  to  make  his  work  all  it 
should  be.  Moreover  if  allowed  the  latitude  that 
the  good  of  the  service  requires  he  will  be  free 
at  all  times  to  investigate  those  cases  where  cars 
are  not  loaded  or  unloaded  promptly  and,  so, 
brought  back  into  the  service  in  the  shortest 
time  possible. 

It  is  apparent  that  good  judgment  and  a  dis- 
cerning mind  must  be  displayed  in  moving  empty 
cars  to  see  that  in  doing  so  they  do  not  pass 
each  other  in  opposite  directions;  in  other  words, 
that  a  nearer  and  more  available  car  is  not  over- 
looked. Every  mile  that  an  empty  car  is 
hauled  represents  a  loss  to  the  carrier.  It  not 
only  fills  up  space  in  the  train,  which  other- 


12  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

wise  might  be  occupied  by  paying  traffic,  but 
the  cost  of  hauling  is  also  to  be  remembered. 
In  order  to  prevent  this  waste  and  secure  prompt 
and  economical  distribution  of  the  equipment,  it 
is  apparent  that  the  Car  Service  Agent  must  be 
in  immediate  touch  with  the  situation  on  every 
part  of  the  road;  and  as  far  in  advance  of  actual 
needs  as  possible.  Thus,  he  is  oftentimes  able  to 
anticipate  the  movement  of  commodities  in 
advance  of  actual  orders  being  given  for  cars; 
and  so  by  judicious  disposition  have  the  equip- 
ment at  the  moment,  near  or  at  the  place  where 
it  is  needed.  This  implies  that  he  is  something 
more  than  a  man  of  routine;  that  he  is  an  organ- 
izer in  fact.  The  situation  requires  that  he 
should  be  a  general,  an  executive,  marshalling 
his  army  of  cars  singly  or  in  numbers,  where 
needed,  and  by  the  shortest  and  most  economical 
route.  To  do  this,  it  is  manifest,  he  must  know 
the  location  of  every  car,  just  what  vehicles  are 
available,  those  that  will  be  available  tomorrow, 
and  the  next  day,  and  so  on,  so  far  as  practicable. 
And  similarly,  where  cars  are  needed,  not  only 
today  but  tomorrow  and  the  day  following,  so 
that  the  equipment  at  disposal  can  be  placed 
where  needed  with  the  least  loss  of  time  and 
power. 

This  is  one  phase  of  the  supervision  of  cars. 
And  on  a  great  railway — and  all  railways  are 
great— the  territory  to  be  served  is  widely  ex- 
tended and  its  needs  great  and  varied.  Survey- 
ing such  an  extended  field  during  the  rush  of 
business  and  the  conflict  of  interest  as  between 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  13 

shippers  and  profitable  and  relatively  non-profit- 
able traffic,  it  is  apparent  that  a  company  may 
make  great  profit  by  the  judicious  handling 
of  its  equipment;  or,  vice  versa,  suffer  great  losses 
through  lack  of  good  judgment  and  promptness. 
And  this  loss  may  be  incurred  without  the  carrier 
being  conscious  of  the  fact  that  it  might  have 
been  avoided.  That  is  to  say,  that  according  to 
the  talent,  industry  and  authority  of  the  Car  Ser- 
vice Agent,  and  the  co-operation  he  receives,  a 
company  will  gain  the  utmost  fruits  of  its  enter- 
prise; or,  if  contrary  conditions  exist,  will  suffer 
losses  impossible  to  estimate,  of  which,  through 
ignorance,  and  evasions,  the  management  of  a 
property  may  never  be  conscious. 

It  is  probable  there  are  few,  if  any,  officers 
of  a  railroad  more  harassed,  more  importuned, 
and  upon  whom  more  difficult  burdens  are  sought 
to  be  laid  every  minute  of  a  busy  season,  than 
the  car  service  agent.  The  traffic  department 
turns  to  him  to  meet  conditions  it  esteems  im- 
perative. Through  it,  and  other  channels,  pat- 
rons cry  aloud,  and  angrily,  for  cars — not  of  a 
uniform  class,  but  differing,  to  meet  particular 
conditions.  Thus  the  Car  Service  Agent  will  be 
notified  today  that  five  hundred  cars  will  be 
required  within  a  week  at  an  elevator  or  group 
of  elevators,  to  move  grain.  This  will  require  a 
particular  kind  of  car.  From  another  point  will 
come  a  demand  for  cattle  cars;  from  another, 
cars  to  move  furniture;  from  another,  coal;  from 
another,  refrigerator  cars  to  move  dairy  products; 
from  another,  timber;  and  so  the  orders  will 


14  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

multiply,  until  the  needs  exceed  by  hundreds  or 
thousands,  the  cars  available  for  use. 

The  Car  Service  Agent  in  the  discharge  of  his 
duties  in  placing  cars  is,  among  other  things, 
called  upon  continually  by  the  agents  of  other 
companies  for  cars  to  meet  inter-road  traffic. 
Moreover,  there  will  always  be  more  or  less  cars 
belonging  to  other  companies  on  his  road  to  be 
watched  and  judiciously  used,  or  sent  home  as 
expeditiously  as  possible.  A  company  must  pay 
mileage  on  these  foreign  cars,  or  a  certain  rate 
per  diem;  and  so  use  is  made  of  them  when 
practicable;  or,  if  they  cannot  be  used,  returned 
to  the  owner  with  all  haste.  Thus  he  strives, 
when  a  call  is  made  for  cars  by  local  agents,  to 
load  those  belonging  to  other  companies  with 
traffic  going  to,  or  in  the  direction  of  the  road 
owning  the  same.  Where  such  use  is  practicable 
the  cost  of  hauling  them  empty  is  saved,  and 
instead  of  a  loss  some  advantage  may  be  reaped. 
The  Car  Service  Agent  is,  however,  always  exer- 
cised in  regard  to  such  cars;  to  see  when  they 
have  been  sent  him 'on  requisition  or  in  due  course 
of  business  and  that  they  are  loaded  promptly 
and  sent  on  their  way;  or,  if  they  come  to  him 
with  loads,  that  they  are  promptly  unloaded  and 
disposed  of.  It  is  undoubtedly  true  that  no  com- 
pany desires  that  its  cars  should  be  away  from  its 
home  line  any  longer  than  necessary.  Neither 
mileage  nor  per  diem  adequately  remunerates  it 
for  such  diversion.  Nor  is  it  adequately  compen- 
sated in  those  cases  where  a  fine  is  imposed  on 
the  holding  company  for  delaying  the  return  of 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  15 

a  car.  The  fine  is  a  burden  to  the  delinquent 
and  not  a  salve  to  the  owner.  Because  of  this 
Car  Service  Agents  and  others  cognizant  of  the 
situation  actively  strive  to  keep  their  cars  off 
other  roads  and  to  keep  the  cars  of  other  com- 
panies moving — profitably  if  possible,  but,  in  any 
event,  moving. 

In  distributing  equipment  the  Car  Service 
Agent  endeavors  to  place  cars  that  can  be  used 
for  current  traffic  when  they  reach  their  destina- 
tion: in  other  words,  to  have  a  load  for  them  both 
ways.  His  efforts  in  this  and  other  directions  are 
aided  and  simplified  by  the  co-operative  energy, 
tact  and  experience  of  his  fellow  operating  officers 
and  the  station  agents  along  the  road.  Much 
ever  depends  on  the  last  named.  If  they  are 
skillful,  alert  and  diplomatic  they  will  succeed  in 
having  cars  loaded  and  unloaded  in  minimum 
time.  If  they  lack  these  qualities  the  reverse 
will  be  the  case,  to  the  great  loss  of  a  company. 
For,  in  this  connection,  it  is  true  here  as  in  the 
case  of  other  fines,  that  the  demurrage  charged 
by  railroad  companies  for  delays  in  loading  or 
removing  freight  do  not  compensate  it  for  the 
loss  it  suffers  from  its  equipment  being  idle  -  It 
is  merely  a  palliative,  a  device  intended  to  accel- 
erate the  movement  of  freight;  to  put  pressure 
on  the  shipper  to  act  with  diligence,  though 
nothing  in  any  way  unreasonable  is  asked  of  him. 
This  feature  of  the  service  is  and  has  been  greatly 
facilitated  by  the  creation  of  independent  Car 
Service  and  Weighing  Associations  created  by 
railroad  companies  acting  in  common;  in  other 


16  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

words,  consolidating  their  energies.  It  is  the 
duty  of  the  first  named  to  see  that  a  charge  is 
made  for  demurrage  when  cars  are  not  loaded  or 
unloaded  within  a  specified  time.  An  equally 
important  and  necessary  duty  is  that  performed 
by  the  Weighing  Association's  agents,  who  are 
placed  here  and  there  throughout  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  Association,  to  weigh  cars  in  transit  and 
otherwise  examine  their  contents  to  see  that  the 
carrier  is  not  defrauded  in  regard  to  quantity  or 
the  nature  of  the  freight.  In  reference  to  the 
Car  Service  and  Weighing  Associations  and  their 
usefulness,  it  may  be  said  that  their  creation 
grew  out,  in  part,  of  the  strife  of  carriers  to  out- 
bid competitors  for  business.  Thus,  to  propitiate 
patrons  carriers  sometimes  shut  their  eyes  to 
delays  in  loading  and  removing  freight,  and  even 
in  regard  to  misrepresentations  in  reference  to 
the  quality  or  weight  of  freight.  All  this  has 
been  corrected  through  the  Associations  in 
question,  as  the  managers  and  agents  thereof 
represent  a  group  of  railroads,  as  a  whole, 
and  so  having  no  private  ax  to  grind,  enforce 
tariff  regulations  frankly  and  impartially. 

With  the  multiplication  of  cars  (with  every 
addition  to  the  number  thereof)  greate%r  and 
wiser  supervision  becomes  necessary.  Otherwise 
chaos  will  reign  and  the  resources  of  a  company 
be  frittered  away  as  the  rain  that  falls  from  a 
roof.  ^  It  may  be  said  of  the  Car  Service  Agent, 
as  it  is  of  every  railway  official,  that  the  greater 
his  talent  and  alertness  and  resourcefulness,  the 
greater  the  respect  that  will  be  paid  him  and 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  17 

the  more  hearty  the  co-operation  he  will  receive 
and,  therefore,  the  more  useful  he  will  be. 

His  power,  within  the  province  of  his  office, 
should  be  commensurate  with  his  responsibilities. 
His  acts  are  founded  upon  accurate  knowledge 
of  the  situation  and  the  needs  of  the  service,  de- 
rived through  returns  and  constant  intercourse 
with  those  interested  in  the  economical  and  ex- 
peditious movement  of  traffic.  To  divide  the 
duty  will  be  to  weaken  the  service.  Only  the 
Car  Service  Agent  commands  the  situation,  not 
only  by  divisions,  but  for  the  road  as  a  whole. 
He  only  is  in  touch  with  every  condition  and 
interest.  And  it  rather  adds  to,  than  lessens, 
his  usefulness  that  he  acts,  more  often  than 
otherwise,  through  division  superintendents ; 
officials,  it  is  needless  to  say,  as  interested  in 
effective  service  as  he.  But  whoever  the  Super- 
intendent designates  to  act  for  him  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  Car  Service  Agent — whether  in  his, 
the  superintendent's  office,  or  at  the  various 
freight  districts,  stations,  or  points  of  distribu- 
tion— should  be  familiar  with  the  geography  of 
the  road  and  the  proper  routing  of  both  local 
and  foreign  cars.  Concentration  of  authority  and 
responsibility  should  be  enforced  everywhere; 
especially  at  stations.  Here,  either  the  yard- 
master  or  agent  should  be  supreme.  Thus  clash- 
ing will  be  avoided  and  if  the  service  is  ineffec- 
tive it  will  not  arise  from  confusion  attendant 
upon  the  exercise  of  divided  responsibility,  but 
may  be  definitely  located  and  action  taken  ac- 
cordingly. And  in  reference  to  station  officials 


18  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS . 

it  is  through  them  and  not  through  conductors, 
that  the  movement  of  cars  is  ordered. 

No  empty  car,  it  may  be  said,  should  be  moved 
on  a  road  except  under  orders  from  the  Car  Ser- 
vice Agent ;  and  that  there  may  be  no  confusion 
or  frittering  away  of  resources,  all  requisitions  for 
foreign  cars  should  be  made  by  him.  And  of 
the  movement  of  foreign  cars  on  the  line  (after 
being  unloaded)  that,  also,  should  be  under  his 
supervision,  that  their  direction  may  be  home- 
ward and,  meanwhile,  that  use  may  be  made  of 
them  when  practicable. 

While  it  is  true  that  the  Car  Service  Agent's 
duties  are  restricted,  in  the  main,  to  providing 
vehicles  to  meet  the  wants  of  shippers,  and  other 
fundamental  things  accessory  thereto,  his  sugges- 
tions and  surveillance  should  be  invited  in  all 
things  attending  delay  of  cars  from  whatever 
cause.  And  he  should  be  encouraged  to  watch 
the  daily  mileage  of  cars  on  his  road  with  the 
object  of  ascertaining  whether  the  average  is 
favorable  or  not.  And  in  this  respect  he  will 
be  aided  in  forming  judgment  by  such  compar- 
isons as  he  may  be  able  to  make  with  the  mile- 
age of  cars  on  other  roads.  These  things  har- 
monize naturally  with  the  duties  of  the  Car  Service 
Agent,  whose  particular  office  it  is  to  see  that 
cars  are  effectively  used;  and,  incidentally,  that 
the  greatest  possible  tonnage  is  moved  therein 
without  unnecessary  delays.  For  the  number  of 
empty  cars  at  his  disposal  will  always  depend 
upon  whether  cars  are  fully  loaded  and  are 
handled  with  celerity.  Every  moment  of  delay 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  19 

after  a  car  is  loaded  puts  off,  by  so  much,  its 
availability  for  handling  new  business. 

All  those  through  whom  the  Car  Service  Agent 
acts  should  be  amenable  to  discipline  by  him. 
For  he  cannot  otherwise  enforce  effective  meas- 
ures in  the  event  of  incompetency  or  neglect  on 
the  part  of  those  upon  whom  the  service  is  de- 
pendent for  the  efficient  handling  of  cars.  And 
so,  if  lacking  authority,  he  will  quickly  become 
a  mere  creature  of  routine,  a  clerk,  without  voice 
or  potency. 

It  is  possible,  nay  probable,  that  on  every  road 
there  will  be  more  or  less  traffic  corresponding 
in  its  regularity  and  scope  to  the  passenger 
service.  And  when  this  is  so  the  equipment 
intended  to  serve  such  business,  will  naturally 
and  without  special  orders  seek  the  point  where 
it  is  needed.  Thus  it  will  be,  perhaps,  in  regard 
to  the  return  of  stock  cars  to  the  places  where 
they  are  loaded;  and,  similarly  too,  in  regard  to 
the  movement  of  coal  cars  to  coal  centers,  and  so 
on.  Moreover,  as  there  are  exceptions  to  every 
rule,  so  there  will  be  emergencies,  as  in  the  case 
of  wrecks  and  the  chance  accumulation  of  cars  in 
congested  districts,  where  the  superintendent,  or 
a  lesser  agent,  must  act  quickly  and  indepen- 
dently of  the  Car  Service  Agent — but  never  with- 
out instantly  advising  him  of  such  action. 

In  the  discharge  of  his  arduous  duties  the  Car 
Service  Agent  will  find  it  necessary  to  keep  a 
careful  record  of  the  cars  of  his  company  in  the 
possession  of  other  lines.  Only  thus  can  he  ex- 
ercise a  necessary  check  on  the  requisitions  of 


20  SCIENCE  OP  RAILWAYS. 

such  companies  for  cars,  or  prevent  unnecessary 
delay  or  improper  use  of  his  company's  equip- 
ment. In  this  way  he  not  only  conserves  the  in- 
terests of  his  own  company  but,  indirectly,  of  the 
other  as  well. 

On  those  lines  where  compensation  for  the  use 
of  cars  is  based  on  mileage,  there  is  no  incentive 
to  hasten  the  return  of  a  car  to  its  owner.  It 
may  be  used  furtively  in  local  business,  or  may 
be  sidetracked  and  left  indefinitely  if  it  is  incon- 
venient to  handle  it.  In  any  event  it  is  not  a 
subject  of  worry  or  expense  to  the  holding  com- 
pany. On  the  other  hand,  what  is  termed  the 
Per  Diem  system  requires  the  payment  of  a  cer- 
tain sum  per  day  for  every  day  that  a  car  of 
another  company  is  held — the  rate  being  greatly 
increased  in  the  shape  of  a  fine,  after  a  stated 
length  of  time.  The  effect  of  this  is,  of  course, 
to  hasten  the  return  of  foreign  cars,  and  in  so  far 
as  this  is  the  case  it  serves  to  lighten  the  harass- 
ing burdens  of  the  Car  Service  Agent. 

The  handling  of  freight,  like  everything  that 
attends  living  and  growing  industries,  is  one  of 
transition.  The  things  that  were  unheard  of  yes- 
terday become  common  today.  Thus,  at  one 
period,  no  special  thought  was  given  to  the  move- 
ment of  freight,  except  particular  classes,  like 
live  stock.  It  was  put  into  a  car  and  sent  for- 
ward, and  under  the  general  rules  of  the  company 
would,  with  other  cars,  find  its  way,  in  due  course, 
to  its  destination.  And  this  is  true  today  with 
much  of  the  freight  that  is  moved.  But  there 
has  grown  up  to  meet  the  needs  of  business — 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  21 

accentuated  by  competitive  effort  —  what  is 
termed  "Time  Freight,"  a  species  of  traffic — uot 
necessarily  perishable — but  of  special  significance 
in  the  economy  of  the  service.  The  movement 
of  such  freight  is  as  rigidly  fixed  (and  oftentimes 
as  rapid)  as  the  movement  of  passengers.  Within 
the  time  limit  fixed  the  shipper  and  receiver, 
know  within  an  hour  when  the  freight  will  reach 
its  destination.  It  thus  corresponds  to  the  ex- 
press service  in  this  country  and  the  parcel  traffic 
abroad.  And  of  such  importance  is  it  in  the 
operation  of  carriers  and  the  needs  of  merchants 
and  manufacturers  that  whole  warehouses  or  sec- 
tions thereof  are  set  apart  for  their  special  use. 
Thus,  a  car  loaded  by  a  merchant,  or  in  common, 
in  Philadelphia  in  the  afternoon  will  be  unloaded 
in  Pittsburg  the  succeeding  morning;  and  this, 
with  as  much  certainty  as  a  passenger  has  that 
he  will  be  transported  a  given  distance  within  a 
certain  number  of  hours.  Time  freight  is  watched 
throughout  its  journey  by  the  Car  Service  Agent 
and  others  whose  duty  it  is  to  see  that  no  delay 
occurs,  or  if  delay  does  occur,  that  it  is  instantly 
reported  that  action  may  be  taken,  as  in  other 
things  of  urgency  and  importance. 

While  the  affairs  of  railroads  are  generally 
similar,  there  are  always  peculiar  features  to  be 
considered  in  connection  with  each.  These  may 
relate  to  the  geography  of  the  road,  its  traffic, 
its  equipment,  or  the  peculiar  characteristics  of 
its  officers.  And  of  the  last,  the  prosperity  of  a 
company  it  may  be  truly  said,  is  as  much  affected 
as  by  any  of  the  other  three  things  mentioned. 


22  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

It  consequently  falls  out  because  of  these  diver- 
sities, and  for  other  reasons  not  necessary  to 
particularize,  that  the  methods  in  vogue  on  dif- 
ferent roads  are  not  uniform.  And  of  methods 
it  may  be  said,  they  are  like  muskets;  they  must 
conform  to  the  strength  of  the  arm  that  holds 
them.  The  system  that  is  admirable  in  the 
hands  of  one  man,  is  ineffective  in  those  of 
another.  All  are  effective  if  effectively  handled. 
Forms,  therefore,  are  not  of  supreme  importance. 
Nevertheless  it  cannot  but  be  true  that  those 
which  accomplish  the  most  comprehensive  ends 
with  the  least  labor  and  greatest  surety,  are  the 
most  valuable.  And  it  is  along  such  lines,  that 
tne  various  forms  in  use  by  Car  Service  Agents 
have  grown  up.  These  forms,  so  far  as  it  is 
thought  necessary  to  include  them,  will  be  found 
elsewhere  herein.  They  are  the  mediums 
through  which  the  Car  Service  Agent,  and  others 
working  along  similar  lines,  derive  their  infor- 
mation in  regard  to  the  condition  of  affairs. 
From  these  returns  the  Car  Service  Agent  knows 
from  the  reports  of  the  conductors  what  cars  are 
in  transit  and  on  what  trains;  and  from  the  re- 
turns of  agents,  he  is  advised  of  the  cars  at  each 
station,  whether  loaded  or  empty,  the  condition 
of  the  same— if  in  bad  order, — what  cars  are 
needed  to  meet  the  demands  of  shippers,  and 
the  classes  of  cars  needed.  He  has  in  fact  every 
species  of  information  necessary  to  a  perfect 
comprehension  of  the  company's  needs  and  re- 
sources, both  at  home  and  on  other  roads.  These 
returns  will  be  found  exceedingly  interesting 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  23 

and  instructive  to  all  wishing  to  acquire  insight 
or  practical  knowledge  of  the  business  of  handl- 
ing the  freight  cars  of  railroads.  I  am  indebted 
for  these  forms  to  those  immediately  connected 
with  the  car  service  of  railways,  but  more  par- 
ticularly and  especially  to  Mr.  William  P.  Marsh, 
a  veteran  car  service  agent  connected  with  one 
of  the  great  railroads  of  the  country. 

RULES   GOVERNING  THE  INTERCHANGE  AND  JOINT 
USE  OF  CARS  BY  RAILROAD  COMPANIES. 

In  order  that  there  might  be  uniformity  of 
action  by  railroads,  in  the  use  of  the  cars  of 
other  companies,  and  for  other  good  reasons, 
rules  and  regulations  governing  such  use  have 
been  promulgated  by  the  railway  companies 
interested.  These  are  enforced  in  good  faith  on 
the  lines  subscribing  to  the  agreement. 

(NOTE.— I  do  not  refer  here  to  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  Master  Car 
Builders'  Association,  but  to  others  relating  to  the  common  use  of  cars 
by  carriers.) 

While  these  rules  are  changed  in  minor  par- 
ticulars from  time  to  time,  to  meet  new  condi- 
tions they  are,  in  general  effect,  as  follows  : 

.1st.    Foreign  Cars  (that  is  the  cars  of  other  companies)  are 
required  to  be  promptly  returned  to  the  home  roads — and  by 
"  Home  Road  "  is  meant  the  road  which  owns  the  car,  or  upon 
which  the  home  of  the  private  car  is  located. 
Foreign  cars  may  be  properly  used  as  follows : 

(a)  Loaded  to  points  on  or  reached  by  using  the  home  road. 

(b)  Loaded  to  intermediate  points  in  the  direction  of  the 
junctions  at  which  they  were  received. 

(c)  If  returned  empty,  they  should  be  moved  over  the  routes 
by  which  they  were  received. 

Foreign  cars  may  be  sent  empty  in  the  direction  opposite  to 


24  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

the  junctions  at  which  they  were  received  for  loads  to  points  on 
or  reached  by  using  the  home  roads,  but  not  otherwise. 

Foreign  cars  must  not  be  sent  empty  to  connecting  roads 
without  the  permission  of  the  owners,  except  for  switching  ser- 
vice. Loaded  or  empty  cars  received  for  switching  service  must 
be  confined  to  switching  limits,  and  returned  to  the  home  or 
the  delivering  road. 

When  empty  foreign  cars  are  delivered  by  one  line  to  a  con- 
nection for  return  loading  via  the  road  making  the  delivery, 
they  must  be  so  loaded  and  returned. 

If  loaded  foreign  cars  on  their  return  movements  are  re- 
consigned  and  such  re  consignments  would  cause  diversions  of 
the  cars,  the  lading  must  be  transferred  under  the  rules  govern- 
ing transfers  at  points  of  diversion,  if  this  can  be  done  without 
injury  to  it,  and  the  cars  must  be  returned  t*o  the  owners  or  to 
the  roads  from  which  they  were  received.  In  case  the  lading  is 
of  such  a  character  that  it  cannot  be  transferred  without  injury, 
the  cars  may  be  run  through  as  re-consigned,  but  the  facts  of 
the  case  mu<-t  be  promptly  reported  to  the  owners  of  the  cars. 

Cars  shall  be  considered  as  having  been  delivered  to  a  con- 
necting railroad  when  placed  upon  the  track  agreed  upon  and 
designated  as  the  interchange  track  for  such  deliveries,  accom- 
panied or  preceded  by  proper  data  for  forwarding  and  accepted 
by  the  car  inspector  of  the  receiving  road. 

Unless  otherwise  arranged  between  the  roads  concerned,  the 
receiving  road  shall  be  responsible  for  the  car's  contents  and 
per  diem  after  receipt  of  the  proper  data  for  forwarding  and 
until  they  have  been  accepted  by  its  inspector  or  returned  to  the 
delivering  road. 

New  freight  cars  shall  be  stenciled  when  built  with  actual 
light  weight,  date  of  weighing,  and  capacity.  Steel  cars  shall 
be  re-weighed  and  re  stenciled  within  the  first  year  thereafter, 
and  wooden  cars  at  the  end  of  the  first  and  second  years. 

All  cars  which  have  received  general  repairs  shall  be  weighed 
and  stenciled,  with  the  actual  weight,  immediately  before  being 
put  back  into  service. 

Any  car  without  stenciling  shall  be  immediately  weighed  and 
stenciled.  New  weights  of  foreign  cars  shall  be  reported  to  car 
owners. 

The  maximum  excess  allowed  over  the  marked  capacity  of 
freight  cars  shall  not  exceed  10  per  cent,  of  such  marked  capacity. 

The  placing  of  advertisements  or  placards  of  any  kind  by 
shippers  upon  freight  cars  is  prohibited. 


CHAPTER   II. 
LIST  OF  CAR  SERVICE  AGENTS'  FORMS. 

In  embodying  the  accompanying  forms  it  is 
not  sought  to  convey  the  idea  that  these  partic- 
ular forms  are  in  use  on  every  road,  or  that  they 
are  better  than  others.  The  same  diversity 
exists  in  this  particular  field  of  industry  that 
does  in  every  other.  Each  company  uses  the 
forms  that,  according  to  its  lights,  are  best 
adapted  to  its  wants.  And  many  of  them  have 
been  aided  in  this  by  careful  inquiry  into  the 
practices  and  forms  used  by  other  companies. 
The  most  that  can  be  said  of  the  accompanying 
forms  is  that  they  have  been  found  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  particular  roads  and  so  have, 
therefore,  a  practical  value.  Their  greatest  use, 
here,  to  the  student,  is  in  the  way  of  illustration. 

The  explanation  of  the  forms  has  been  com- 
piled with  the  same  view — to  aid  those  who  are 
not  practically  familiar  with  the  work  of  super- 
vising the  movement  of  cars.  The  forms  used 
by  the  car  service  agent,  like  all  forms  of  a  like 
nature,  are  his  means  of  focusing  operations — 
aids  in  supervising  and  regulating  his  business. 

C.  S.  1.  THE  LOCAL  FREIGHT  CAR  RECORD. 

C.  S.  2.  FOREIGN  FREIGHT  CAR  RECORD. 

C.  S.  3.  CONDUCTOR'S  REPORT  OF  FREIGHT  TRAIN. 

(25) 


26  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.  S.  4.  REPORT  OF  INTERCHANGE  OF  FREIGHT  CARS 
WITH  OTHER  LINES.  • 

C.  S.  5.  POSTAL  CARD  NOTICE  TO  OWNER  OF  CAR  OF 
ITS  CARS  DELIVERED  BY  A  FOREIGN  LINE 
TO  ANOTHER  FOREIGN  COMPANY. 

C.  S.    6.    TRACER  FOR  DELAYED  FREIGHT  CARS. 

C.  S.    7.    DAILY  REPORT  OF  FREIGHT  CARS  ON  HAND. 

C.  S.    8.    AGENT'S  ORDER  FOR  FREIGHT  CARS. 

C.  S.    9.    FOREIGN  CAR  ORDER. 

C.  S.  10.  TELEGRAPH  NOTICE  TO  AGENTS  OF  FREIGHT 
CARS  BILLED  TO  THEM. 

C.  S.  11.  TELEGRAPH  ORDER  DIRECTING  MOVEMENT 
OF  FREIGHT  CARS. 

C.  S.  12.    NOTICE  OF  ERRORS  AND  OMISSIONS. 

C.  S.  13.    TELEGRAPH  EMPTY  CAR  REPORT. 

C.  S.  14.  SUPERINTENDENT'S  TELEGRAPH  REPORT  OF 
FOREIGN  FREIGHT  CARS  ON  HAND  FOR 
WHICH  THERE  IS  NO  USE. 

C.  S.  15.  SUPERINTENDENT'S  DAILY  TELEGRAPH  RE- 
PORT OF  FREIGHT  CARS  WANTED  AND 
AVAILABLE. 

C.  S.  16.  RECORD  OF  ORDERS  RECEIVED  BY  CAR  SER- 
VICE AGENT  FOR  FREIGHT  CARS. 

C.  S.  17.  AGENT'S  TELEGRAPH  REPORT  OF  TIME 
FREIGHT  FORWARDED. 

C.  S.  18.  AGENT'S  TELEGRAPH  REPORT  OF  TIME 
FREIGHT  ENROUTE. 

C.  S.  19.  CONDUCTOR'S  TELEGRAPH  REPORT  OF  TIME 
FREIGHT  LEFT  (DELAYED)  ENROUTE. 

C.  S.  20.  AGENT'S  TELEGRAPH  REPORT  OF  DELAYED 
TIME  FREIGHT  FORWARDED. 

C.  S.  21.    LIST  OF  FREIGHT  CARS. 


CHAPTER   III. 
FORMS  USED  BY  CAR  SERVICE  AGENT. 


(27) 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


THE  LOCAL  FREIGHT  CAR  RECORD. 

This  blank  is  used  by  a  railroad  company  for 
the  purpose  of  recording  the  movements  of  its 
freight  cars  on  its  own  (home)  line  and  the  move- 
ments of  its  freight  cars  on  other  (foreign)  lines  as 
well.  Each  page  of  the  record  has  four  sections 
like  the  form  herewith.  The  blank  is  thus  ruled 
to  provide  a  record  of  fifty  cars  to  a  page.  On 
each  side  of  the  page  are  printed  the  two  ending 
figures  of  car  numbers,  the  full  numbers  of  the 
cars — as  illustrated — being  written  in  at  top  of 
each  page.  In  the  first  column  to  the  left  is  en- 
tered the  last  record  in  preceding  book.  At  the 
top  and  bottom  of  the  page  are  printed  the  dates 
of  month.  This  arrangement  enables  the  records 
to  be  entered  in  the  proper  date  column  without 
writing  in  the  dates.  In  explanation  of  this  form, 
a  practical  illustration  is  given:  thus  Car  No.  7102 
was  at  station  No.  43  on  the  15th.  The  book  is 
arranged  to  run  four  months.  At  the  expiration 
of  this  period  a  transfer  into  a  new  record  is  nec- 
essary. This  form  of  local  record  book  is  in  use 
by  many  railroad  companies  with  perhaps  some 
slight  variations.  The  car  numbers  are  entered 
herein  daily  from  conductors'  reports;  agents'  re- 
ports of  cars  interchanged  with  other  roads;  and 
reports  from  foreign  roads  of  cars  delivered  to 
other  lines.  Two  kinds  of  ink  are  generally  used ; 
black  to  designate  loaded  cars;  red  to  designate 
empty  cars.  Cars  on  foreign  lines  may  be  entered 
in  black  ink;  some  roads  use  purple  ink  to  record 
cars  that  are  away  from  home. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  29 

LOCAL  FREIGHT  CAR  RECORD.  C.  S.  1. 

(M  of  the  page.) 
Movements  of  Cars  from  __  19 to 19 


(Illustration:  Cars  Nos.  7100  to  7198.) 


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30  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.  S.  2. 

FOREIGN  FREIGHT  CAR  RECORD. 

This  blank  is  used  by  a  company  to  record  the 
movements  of  foreign  freight  cars  in  its  possession. 

Across  the  top  and  bottom  and  center  of  the 
page  are  printed  dates  of  month  to  facilitate 
entries.  To  the  extreme  left  are  columns  pro- 
vided for  car  numbers,  a  column  to  enter  from 
what  railroad  received,  at  what  station  received, 
date  of  receipt,  location  of  car  (if  transferred 
from  preceding  month's  record)  and  date  of  said 
location.  Thus,  as  an  illustration,  car  4073  was 
received  from  the  Illinois  Central  R.  R.  at  station 
No.  4  on  April  23rd;  it  was  at  station  No.  86 
April  30th,  according  to  the  previous  month's 
record,  and  at  station  No.  350  the  10th  of  the 
current  month. 

This  record  is  intended  to  run  one  month.  At 
the  top  of  the  page  is  entered  the  name  of  the 
road  owning  the  cars,  and  the  month  and  year 
for  which  the  record  is  used.  To  the  side  and 
bottom  margins  may  be  affixed  heavy  paper  tabs 
on  which  the  name  of  the  owners  of  the  cars 
may  be  entered.  By  this  means  of  indexing  the 
owner  can  be  located  without  loss  of  time. 

Two  colors  of  ink  are  used;  black  for  entering 
the  movements  of  loaded  cars,  red  for  empty 
cars.  This  form  of  foreign  record  is  used  more 
or  less  generally.  The  system  of  indexing  sug- 
gested is  a  particular  feature  that  it  is  thought 
will  appeal  to  car  service  officers. 


!! 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


31 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


CONDUCTOR'S  REPORT  OF  FREIGHT  TRAIN. 

This  form  is  used  by  freight  train  conduc- 
tors in  rendering  a  return  of  freight  cars 
hauled  in  their  trains.  It  is  the  basis — source 
of  information — of  car  records,  forms  1  and  2. 
It  is  consequently  of  the  greatest  importance. 
Its  essential  features,  aside  from  certain  im- 
portant details  relative  to  the  trains,  are  whether 
cars  are  loaded  or  empty,  car  initials,  car 
numbers,  point  billed  from,  point  billed  to, 
where  taken  into  trains,  and  where  left.  In 
addition  to  this  the  weight  of  and  contents  are 
required  for  purpose  of  tonnage  statistics. 

To  facilitate  the  uses  of  the  conductor's  train 
reports  by  different  departments,  it  can  be  made 
in  duplicate  by  the  insertion  of  a  carbon  sheet. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CABS. 


33 


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84  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  S.4. 

REPORT  OF  INTERCHANGE  OP  FREIGHT  CARS  WITH 
OTHER  LINES. 

This  form  of  report  is  to  notify  the  car  serv- 
ice official  of  the  interchange  of  freight  cars 
with  connecting  lines.  It  is  of  great  im- 
portance. It  gives  particulars  of  cars  delivered 
to  the  connecting  lines  and  a  similar  blank  shows 
cars  received  from  connecting  lines.  The  form 
explains  its  particular  details. 

Care  must  be  exercised  by  agents  in  writing 
up  this  report,  for  if  a  car  should  be  omitted  or 
incorrectly  given  it  would  not  harmonize  with 
the  conductor's  report  of  cars  moved,  thus  creat- 
ing confusion  and  necessitating  letters  of  inquiry 
upon  the  part  of  the  Car  Service  Agent. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


36 


REPORT  OF  INTERCHANGE  OF  FREIGHT 
CARS  WITH  OTHER  LINES. 

Station,  No. 

R_ 

19 


DAILY  INTERCHANGE  REPORT  OF  CARS  DELIVERED  TO 
X  Loaded. 
—  Empty. 


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I  certify  that  these  cars  were  received  as  above. 
Agent 


.Agent 


86  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.S.5. 

POSTAL  CARD  NOTICE  TO  OWNEK  OF  CAR  OF  ITS  CARS  DELIVERED 
BY  A  FOREIGN  LINE  TO  ANOTHER  FOREIGN  COMPANY. 

JUNCTION  REPORT  OF  CARS  DELIVERED  TO  OUR 
CONNECTIONS. 


X  Loaded.      —Empty. 

(Title  of  Officer) 

(Address) 

CAR. 

X 

DELIVERED  TO 
(Full  Initials) 

Full  Initials. 

Number. 

1 

ts  used  by  foreign  roads  to  notify  owners  of  the  de- 
uUr  o  8tl1}  otf»«  »nes.    It  is  the  source  of  information  from 

foregn  Hnes  comP»ed  by  the  owner  of  whereabouts  of  the  car  on 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  37 

TRACER  FOR  DELAYED  FREIGHT  CARS. 


OFFICE  CAR  SERVICE  AGENT. 


.19  _ 


Agent, 

Dear  Sir: 

According   to   my   record_ 
car  No. 


arrived  at  your  station  on 

since  'which  time  it  has  not  moved. 

Please  note  hereon  disposition  made  of  this  car  and  return  this 
letter  by  first  train. 


Car  Service  Agent. 

To  the  Car  Service  Agent, 
Dear  Sir: 

cBeloeo)  find  disposition  of  equipment  specified  above. 


{If  car  has  been  for  war  fad,  give  date,  train  and  destination.) 


Agent. 

NOTK.— The  above  is  a  printed  form  of  letter  of  inquiry  which  is  sent  to 
station  agents  to  secure  disposition  of  freight  cars  the  movement  of  which 
seems  to  be  unduly  detained.  This  blan'-t  is  also  used  to  secure  information 
regarding  disposition  of  cars  that  have  been  delivered  to  connecting  lines  and 
not  reported;  also  of  cars  moved  by  conductors  and  not  reported.  Through 
its  use  car  service  officer  traces  and  secures  movement  of  delayed  cars. 


38  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

Form  C.  S.  7. 

DAILY  REPORT  OF  FREIGHT  CARS  ON  HAND. 

This  report  must  include  all  freight  cars  at 
the  station  at  the  time  made,  or  on  tracks 
connected  therewith,  over  which  the  agent  has 
jurisdiction.  It  must  be  made  at  3  o'clock  in 
the  afternoon  of  each  day  (Sundays  excepted) 
whether  cars  are  loaded  or  empty,  the  numbers 
being  placed  under  the  proper  heading.  The 
report  must  be  made  in  duplicate,  one  copy  being 
sent  to  the  Division  Superintendent  and  one  to 
the  Car  Service  Agent.  Full  reasons  must  be 
given  for  any  detention  of  cars.  Through  this 
report  those  interested  are  advised,  of  the  loca- 
tion of  every  car  on  a  road,  (at  stations  and  on 
sidings)  and  so  are  enabled  to  take  measures  in 
regard  to  the  disposition  of  same.  Full  initials 
of  the  road  owning  the  car  should  be  given  in 
the  first  column.  In  the  column  headed  "  De- 
scription of  Car"  the  following  abbreviations 
will  be  used : 

LongBox(34ft.longoroYer).  ..L.  B.  Special  Feed  and  Water.  F.&W. 

Short  Box  (under 34  ft.) .  .S.  B.      Special  Feed Feed 

Hay  Cars H.  C.      Double  Deck D.  D. 

Furniture  Cars  (show  length).  .F.  C.      Short  Single  Deck S.  S.  D. 

Refrigerator R.  F.      Long  Flat L.  F. 

Common  Coal  Long  . .  .C.C.  L.  Short  Flat  (under  34  ft.) . .  S.  F. 

Common  Coal  Short . .  .C.C.  S.  Raised  Center  Flat  . .  R.  C.  F. 

Drop  End  Coal  Cars.  .D.  E.  C.  Work  Train  Flats  . . .  W.  T.  F. 

Low  Side  Gondola . . . .  L.  S.  G.  Burk  and  Chain  Flats  .  B.  C.  F. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


-J8S  JBO  SI 


II 


40  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.  S.  8. 
AGENT'S  ORDER  FOR  FREIGHT  CARS. 


RECEIVED  FBOM     TIME  RECEIVED  SENT  BY 


RECEIVED  BY 


From - Station 19.. 

To  CAR  SERVICE  AGENT 

A.  Order  No.... -       Time  filed M. 

B.  Number  of  cars  wanted 

C.  Initials... 

D.  Class  of  cars  wanted.. 

E.  Size  of  cars  wanted 

F.  Where  wanted 

G.  To  be  loaded  with.. 

H.     Destination  of  load 

I.       Routing  in  full  including 

point  car  leaves  our  rails 

J.      Latest  date  cars  can  be  used 

K.     Remarks: 


NOTE. — This  car  order  blank  is  used  by  agents  to  place  orders  for  freight 
cars  for  a  specific  purpose  and  is  so  arranged  as  to  enable  them  to  specify 
the  kind  of  cars  needed;  destination  of  load;  kind  of  freight  to  be  loaded; 
the  routing,  if  it  leaves  the  rails  of  home  line;  date  on  which  the  car  muss  be 
ready  for  loading,  and  so  on,  There  is  also  a  space  provided  for  any  special 
instructions  that  the  agent  may  wish  to  give  in  placing  the  order.  If  the 
order  is  sent  by  telegraph  only  the  letters  are  indicated  therein:  as,  s»y, 
"B"  would  be  understood  to  mean  "Number  of  cars  wanted,"  etc. 

The  blank  spaces  at  top  are  filled  up  by  the  telegraph  operator. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  41 

FOREIGN  CAR  ORDER.  c.  $.  9. 


OFFICE  OF  CAR  SERVICE  AGENT. 


Order  No.. 


Carded 


To  load  with 


Destination 


Route 


Car  Service  Agent. 

NOTE.— This  blank  is  used  by  the  car  service  agent  as  a  requisition  on 
other  companies  for  freight  cars  to  load  via  their  lines;  that  is  if  be  is  un- 
able to  pick  up  the  foreign  equipment  he  requires,  on  his  own  road. 


42  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

CAR  SERVICE   TELEGRAPHIC  CODE. 

Codes  by  which  information  in  regard  to  the  move- 
ment of  freight  cars  can  bo  sent  by  telegraph  with  the 
least  delay  and  labor  are  in  general  use  to  meet  the 
requirement  of  the  car  service  bureaus.  The  following 
is  one  method.  The  principal  stations,  junctions  and 
division  stations  are  designated  by  one  or  more  letters. 
To  each  station  thus  lettered  is  assigned  a  series  of 
numbers  to  be  used  in  numbering  the  way-bills  for  cars 
which  are  to  be  reported  to  the  car  service  agent  en- 
route.  Each  code  station  uses  its  numbers  consecu- 
tively, commencing  with  the  lowest.  When  the  highest 
number  has  been  reached,  the  agent  commences  anew 
with  the  lowest  number,  and  so  on.  Thus  to  Chicago 
might  be  assigned  the  prefix  "CH.";  St.  Louis,  "S.L."; 
Memphis,  "M",  with  number  series  1  to  500  each 
inclusive.  Cars  originating  at  Chicago  would  be  known 
as  C.  H.  1,  C.  H.  2,  C.  H.  3,  etc.,  and  so  reported  by 
the  agent  at  Chicago  to  the  Car  Service  Agent.  The 
agent's  report  is  filed  as  a  permanent  record  and  to  it  is 
added  the  movement  of  the  cars  as  they  are  reported  by 
code  stations  enroute.  Cars  way-billed  with  a  code 
letter  and  number  are  reported  to  the  Car  Service  Agent 
by  telegraph  under  their  respective  code  letter  and 
number  only,  no  reference  being  made  to  the  car  initials 
or  numbers.  The  code  letter  indicates  the  forwarding 
station  and  the  number  of  the  car.  Thus,  the  Car 
Service  Agent  can  quickly  refer  to  the  record  and  enter 
thereon  the  progress  of  the  car  from  station  to  station, 
and,  if  need  be,  take  steps  to  remedy  any  delay  that 
occurs.  The  system  effects  a  great  saving  in  telegraph 
work  and  lessens  the  labor  of  the  Car  Service  Agent. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


43 


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SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


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a 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  45 

NOTICE  OF  ERRORS  AND  OMISSIONS. 


OFFICE  CAR  SERVICE   AGENT. 


19 


DEAR  SIR: 

On  your  Car  Report  Form. 


Date 19. 

your  report 


It  should  be_ 


You  will  please  make  correction  as  indicated  above  and 
return  this  with  your  reply  without  delay. 
Yours  respectfully, 


Car  Service  Agent. 

NOTE.— The  above  is  form  of  advice  used  by  the  car  service  agent  to 
notify  conductors  and  agents  of  errors  in  their  reports.  By  this  means  con- 
ductors and  agents  correct  errors  in  their  respective  records,  so  that  if  infor- 
mation is  asked  of  them  subsequently  they  will  be  able  to  answer  correctly. 


4G  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


TELEGRAPH  EMPTY  CAR  REPORT. 

This  is  a  form  of  agents'  daily  telegraph  car 
report  used  on  some  lines.  The  blank  is  arranged 
to  last  one  month.  It  serves  as  a  permanent 
record  and  should  be  carefully  preserved  and  filed 
for  future  reference.  It  is  similarly  used  by  the 
Chief  Dispatcher  in  recording  the  report;  from  it 
he  compiles  the  condensed  report  to  the  Car 
Service  Agent  for  the  division.  The  information 
in  regard  to  each  class  of  cars  is  grouped  together 
and  to  each  group  and  column  is  assigned  a  let- 
ter which  is  used  to  facilitate  transmission. 
Thus,  in  reporting  a  shortage  of  ten  empty  fur- 
niture cars,  all  that  need  be  sent  is  "  V.  A-V-10," 
and  so  on. 

Four  items  are  shown  under  the  several  classes 
of  equipment,  namely:  Shortage  of  empty  cars; 
Surplus  of  empty  cars;  Empty  cars  wanted,  and 
cars  actually  unloading.  With  this  information 
the  division  official  can  make  intelligent  provi- 
sion for  the  needs  of  each  station  on  his  division 
and  at  the  same  time  the  Car  Service  Agent  can 
relieve  a  shortage  on  one  division  from  a  surplus 
that  may  prevail  upon  another  division. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


47 


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48  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

c  s.  t4. 

SUPERINTENDENT'S  TELEGRAPH  REPORT  OF  FOREIGN 
FREIGHT  CARS  ON  HAND  FOR  WHICH  THERE  is 

No  USE. 

This  is  a  telegraph  form  for  reporting  foreign 
freight  cars  remaining  on  hand  for  which  no 
home  load  is  obtainable. 

This  report  gives  the  initials  and  numbers  of 
all  foreign  cars.  This  information  is  telegraphed 
to  division  headquarters  daily  by  every  agent 
having  such  cars  on  hand  and  is  there  consoli- 
dated in  one  report.  This  last  is  telegraphed  to 
the  car  service  officer,  who  immediately  examines 
the  same  and  indicates  disposition  to  be  made  of 
cars  thus  reported.  This  he  telegraphs  to  the 
division  headquarters.  In  sending  the  report 
only  the  letters  at  the  head  of  the  columns  are 
used.  Thus  "A"  indicates  the  location  of  the 
car  as  "A"  Toledo,  "B"  initials,  etc.  By  means 
of  this  report  the  car  service  officer  is  each  day 
advised  of  all  surplus  foreign  cars  on  the  line, 
and  is  thus  enabled  to  move  them  to  points 
where  home  loading  can  be  secured ;  or,  in  event 
there  is  no  load,  to  give  directions  as  to  what 
line  and  via  what  junction  they  shall  be  sent 
home  empty.  An  important  purpose  of  this 
report  is  to  enable  the  car  service  agent  to  hasten 
the  return  of  foreign  equipment  for  which  there 
is  no  use. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  49 

C.S.  14. 

SUPERINTENDENT'S   TELEGRAPH    REPORT    OF     FOR- 
EIGN FREIGHT  CARS  ON  HAND  FOR  WHICH 
THERE  IS  NO  USE. 

To  Car  Service  Agent:  19 

Foreign  Freight  Cars  on  hand  Empty  at  6  P.  M. 


This  report  should  also  include  cars  stored  or  held  for  prospective  business. 
One  car  number  only  should  be  inserted  on  each  line. 
When  necessary  to  use  second  sheet  commence  it  (in  first  column)  with 
No.  28. 
Columns  H  and  J  should  not  be  filled  up. 

Signature . 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


SUPERINTENDENT'S    DAILY    TELEGRAPH    REPORT    OF 
FREIGHT  CARS  WANTED  AND  AVAILABLE. 

This  form  of  telegraph  report  is  made  daily  to 
the  car  service  agent  at  7:30  A.  M.  by  division  super- 
intendents. It  shows  what  cars  are  needed  and  the 
equipment  on  the  division  that  can  be  applied  thereon. 
The  blank  is  so  arranged  that  all  necessary  information 
can  be  transmitted  by  wire  with  the  minimum  telegraph 
work.  The  different  lengths  of  box  cars,  different 
classes  of  stock  cars  and  different  lengths  of  flat  and 
coal  cars  being  each  represented  by  a  single  letter.  The 
blank  is  subdivided  so  that  spaces  are  provided  for  cars 
wanted;  empty  cars  on  hand;  cars  to  be  unloaded;  cars 
delivered  connecting  divisions;  cars  enroute;  and  cars 
in  special  service.  The  different  subdivisions  are  rep- 
resented by  a  numeral.  Thus,  if  the  superintendent 
wished  to  notify  the  car  service  agent  that  ten  long  box 
cars  were  wanted  at  station  "G,''  he  would  telegraph 
"l-B-10  G."  Or,  if  he  wished  to  notify  the  car  service 
agent  that  there  were  thirty-three  long  empty  box  cars 
on  hand  at  station  "G,"  he  would  telegraph  "2  B  33  G;" 
and  so  on  through  the  six  subdivisions.  All  the  receiv- 
ing operator  has  to  do  in  the  first  instance  is  to  enter 
upon  the  blank  the  figure  tk!0"  in  subdivision  "1"  in 
column  "B"  opposite  station  "G."  And  in  the  case  of 
long  box  cars  on  hand  empty  at  station  k'G,"  he  would 
enter  "33"  in  subdivision  "2"  column  "B"  opposite 
station  "G." 

This  report  indicates  the  car  situation  on  the  various 
divisions  of  a  road  with  the  minimum  of  telegraph 
work,  and  upon  it  the,  car  distributor  greatly  relies  in 
moving  cars  between  divisions,  etc. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CAJRS. 


51 


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SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  S.  16. 

RECORD  OF  ORDERS   RECEIVED   BY   CAR   SERVICE 
AGENT  FOR  FREIGHT  CARS. 

This  form  is  to  record  orders  received  for 
freight  cars.  It  is  bound  in  book  form.  The 
form  shows:  First,  date  of  filing  the  order;  order 
numbers;  where  cars  are  wanted;  number  of 
cars  required;  kind  of  cars — whether  box,  stock, 
furniture,  refrigerator,  and  so  on;  length  of  cars, 
carrying  capacity,  destination,  routing  (if  des- 
tined to  point  beyond  the  home  line);  date  cars 
must  be  at  station  for  loading  and  (if  ordered 
from  connecting  line)  a  column  for  name  of  road 
with  whom  the  order  is  placed.  Space  is  also 
provided  for  recording  numbers  and  initials  of 
cars  furnished  on  each  order. 

Orders  are  numbered  consecutively  and  all 
correspondence  referring  to  each  order  is  kept 
intact  and  filed  for  reference. 

By  means  of  this  record  the  car  service  agent 
is  kept  advised  of  cars  wanted. 

The  record  is  one  of  value  and  is  referred  to 
constantly.  Thus  in  looking  up  the  diversion  of 
foreign  equipment  (furnished  on  orders)  it  is 
possible  to  locate  the  same  at  once  by  this  record. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


53 


l 


54 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


15  K  K  P  O  K  T 

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(M  .  Yardmaster. 

This  should  be  sent  to  car  service  agent  by  telegraph  immediately  after  departure  of  cars. 
NOTE.—  This  foi  m  is  used  by  agents  to  notify  ihe  car  service  agent  of  the  forwarding  of  "Time  Freight."  The  variou 
columns  provide  for  code  letter  and  number  assigned  to  the  station,  car  initials,  number,  etc. 
Thus  "A"  is  the  code  letter  signifying  the  station,  "B"  initials  of  the  car,  "C"  number  of  car,  and  so  on.  In  this  re 
spect  it  is  the  only  report  in  which  the  initials,  number,  contents  and  destination  of  cars  are  given;  in  other  reports  of  th< 
movements  of  cars  (after  forwarding)  they  are  designated  entirely  by  code  letter  and  code  number. 

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SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


55 


AGENT'S  TELEGRAPH  REPORT  OF  TIME  FREIGHT  EN- 
ROUTE. 


Station. 


.  Date. 


Th<5  folkming  cars,  Way-billed  TIME  FREIGHT,  passed  this  Station 
(or  were  delivered  Connecting  Line)  on  date  and  time  given  below: 


CODE  LETTER  AND  NUMBERS 

TIME 
ARRIVED 

TIME  LEFT 
or  Delivered 
Connecting 
Line 

TRAIN 
NUMBER 

Code 

Letter 

From 
Lowest 
Number 

To  Highest 
Number 

B 

C 

D 

F 

G 

H 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

K 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

(A). 

(B). 


_Yardmaster. 
_Agent. 


NoTE.--This  report  is  sent  by  telegraph  to  the  car  service  agent,  im- 
mediately after  arrival  and  departure  of  cars.  The  form  is  used  for  report- 
ing by  telegraph  the  passing  of  time  freight  by  agents  at  freight  terminals. 
The  code  letter;  code  number;  arriving  time;  time  of  departure  and  number 
of  train  is  all  that  is  required. 


56 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWA7S. 


CONDUCTOR'S  TELEGRAPH  REPORT  OF  TIME  FREIGHT 
LEFT  (DELAYED)  EN  ROUTE. 

The  following  cars,  way-billed  TIME   FREIGHT,  were  set  out  (left)  at 

Station - — 

Date 19 


CODE  LETTER  AND  NUMBERS  j 

By  Train 
No. 

F 

REASON 
(Give  exact  cause  for 
leaving  car) 

Code 
Letter 

From 
Lowest  No. 

To  Highest 
No. 

B 

C 

D 

G 

- 

Train  No.. 


NOTE. — This  report  is  made  promptly  and  banded  to  the  operator  at  the 
nearest  telegraph  station,  who  should  send  it  at  once  to  the  car  service 
agent,  a  copy  being  sent  to  the  chief  train  dispatcher  of  the  district  on 
which  cars  were  left.  It  is  used  by  conductors  to  report  to  the  car  service 
agent  time  freight  left  short  of  destination.  It  is  telegraphed  in  the  con- 
densed form  shown,  nothing  being  transmitted  except  code  letter  and  code 
number,  number  of  train  setting  out  car  and  reason  therefor. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


57 


C.  S.  20 

AGENT'S  TELEGRAPH  REPORT  OF  DELAYED  TIME 
FREIGHT  FORWARDED. 

The  following  cars,  Way-billed  TIME    FREIGHT,   which  have   been 
delayed,   were   forwarded   from Station 


CODE  LETTKU  AND  NUMBERS 

TIME 
FORWARDED 

TRAIN 
NUMBER 

Code  Letter 

From 
Lowest 
Number 

To 

Highest 
Number 

B 

C 

D 

F 

G 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

(A). 
(B). 


_Yardmaster 
_Agent 


NOTE.  -This  form  is  used  by  agents  and  yardmasters  to  advise  the  car 
service  agent  by  telegraph  of  the  forwarding  of  delayed  cars  loaded  with 
time  freight;  only  the  code  letter,  code  number,  time  of  forwarding,  and 
number  of  train  in  which  forwarded  is  transmitted.  The  report  aids  the  car 
service  agent  in  his  supervision  over  time  freight. 


58 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 
LIST  OF  FREIGHT  CARS. 


O.S.21. 


Box         Car.     Common  type. 
"  "        Furniture  and  Vehicles. 

Wooden  Ware. 
"  "       Hearse. 

"       Ventilated. 
"  "       Ice. 

"  "        Charcoal. 

"  "        Lime. 

Refrigerator      "        Common. 
«'  "       Beer 

Dressed  Beef. 

•'  "       Dairy  Products. 

'«  "        Ventilated  Fruit. 

Stock  "        Common. 

Double  Decks. 

"  "        Single  Deck  Feed  and  Water. 

"       Palace  Horse  with  Stalls, 

Stock    " 

Flat  "       Common. 

"  "        Logging. 

41  "       Barrel  Racks. 

"        Machinery. 
"  "        Gun  Trucks. 

"        Water  Tanks. 
Gondola          "        Common. 

Hopper  Bottom. 

Drop  Ends. 
Iron,  etc. 
Oil,  etc. 


Steel. 


Ore 
Tank 

Live  Poultry 
Ballast 

"        Distributers. 
Lidgerwood  Rapid  Unloiders. 
Caboose     Cars. 

"  "        Stockmen's  Sleepers. 

Excavator      " 
Derrick  and  Wrecking  Cars. 
Pile  Driver 
Ditching  " 

Side  Dump  " 

Rotaiy  Snow  Plow  " 

Flanger  " 


CHAPTER    IV. 
PARTICULARS  OF  TRAINS. 

Car  supervision  implies  multiplied  duties  and 
responsibilities.  One  duty  is  that  of  placing  cars 
to  meet  business  needs  with  the  least  haul  and 
inconvenience  to  the  service.  Another  duty  is 
to  see  that  they  reach  their  destination  safely 
and  with  due  diligence.  Another  duty,  and  one 
of  vital  importance,  is  the  effective  operation  of 
trains  as  regards  speed,  load  and  character. 
After  all  is  said,  it  is  from  the  train  car  service 
that  earnings  are  derived,  and  all  operating 
expenses  incidentally  flow.  The  train  is  but  an 
aggregation  of  cars,  and  efficiency  requires  that 
it  should  be  operated  at  such  rate  of  speed  as  to 
prevent  undue  wear  and  tear  of  equipment  and 
track,  consistent  with  the  needs  of  business. 

Tt  is  also  of  the  greatest  possible  importance 
in  the  effective  and  economical  operation  of 
railroads  that  trains  should  haul  the  full  com- 
plement of  cars  and  that  these  last  should  have 
full  loads.  That  this  is  not  possible  in  every 
case  we  all  know,  but  every  one  connected  with 
the  service,  nevertheless,  strives  in  every  possible 
way  to  approximate  this  ideal.  And  it  is  not 
too  much  to  say  that  the  measure  of  their  suc- 
cess is  dependent  upon  their  watchfulness  and 
experience  and  a  due  subordination  of  responsi- 

(59) 


60  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

bility.  In  order  to  accomplish  the  end  sought 
and  to  determine  the  measure  of  success  attained, 
more  or  less  detailed  information — of  a  statisti- 
cal nature — is  required.  Of  the  nature  and  extent 
of  such  statistics  there  will  be  wide  differences 
of  opinion — as  wide  as  the  differences  in  men. 
One  operating  officer  will  require  that  his  per- 
sonal observations  shall  be  supplemented  by 
carefully  collated  returns  of  this  nature.  Another 
will  make  little  use  of  such  data  except  in  aggre- 
gates, depending  more  largely  upon  his  orders 
and  watchfulness  in  enforcing  the  same,  in  refer- 
ence to  the  particulars  of  trains.  And  statistics 
(it  may  be  said  for  the  thousandth  time)  are 
worthless  except  to  those  who  will  give  them 
the  time  and  study  required  to  understand  their 
import  and  apply  the  lessons  they  teach.  If  men 
will  not  do  this  statistics  should  not  be  com- 
piled except  as  specifically  called  for :  in  that 
way  much  waste  of  clerical  work  and  stationery 
may  be  avoided. 

Thus  it  seems  the  extent  and  usefulness  of 
statistical  information — in  regard  to  the  opera- 
tion of  trains — depends  on  the  peculiarities  of 
those  in  charge.  But  in  order  to  analyze  the 
transportation  service  of  a  railroad  effectively — 
on  paper  at  least — full  and  accurate  particulars 
of  its  train  service,  (according  to  its  peculiari- 
ties) including  mileage,  cars  hauled,  load  car- 
ried, etc.,  may  be  said  to  be  absolutely  essential. 
Such  information,  however,  may  be  subdivided 
indefinitely  according  to  the  ingenuity  of  men 
and  the  use  to  be  made  of  it.  These  subdivisions 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  61 

I  cannot  attempt  to  follow.  But  primary  details 
(fundamental  things — things  useful  to  know) 
relative  to  the  train  service,  it  is  possible  to 
give  ;  and  these  I  summarize  herewith,  without 
further  remarks,  for  the  benefit  of  those  inter- 
ested in  such  matters : 

Total  number  of  freight  trains  run,  eastbound.* 
(Or  northward  as  the  case  may  be.) 

Total  number  of  freight  trains  run,  westbound. 

Total  number  of  freight  trains  run. 

Average  number  of  freight  trains  run  daily,  eastbound. 

Average  number  of  freight  trains  run  daily,  westbound. 

Average  number  of  freight  trains  run  daily. 

Total  number  of  miles  run  by  freight  trains,  eastbound. 

Total  number  of  miles  run  by  freight  trains,  westbound. 

Total  number  of  miles  run  by  freight  trains. 

Average  number  of  miles  run  by  each  freight  train,  eastbound. 

Average  number  of  miles  run  by  each  freight  train,  westbound. 

Average  number  of  miles  run  by  each  freight  train. 

Average  number  of  miles  run  by  each  freight  train  daily,   east- 
bound. 

Average  number  of  miles  run  by  each  freight  train  daily,  west- 
bound. 

Average  number  of  miles  run  by  each  freight  train  daily. 

(NOTE.— This  information  should  be  given  for  the  road  as  a  whole.  But  as 
neither  the  character  of  a  road  nor  the  details  of  its  operations  are  the 
same  for  all  its  parts,  the  information  in  regard  to  the  mileage  of  freight 
trains  should  be  given  separately  for  each  division  of  a  line,  and — if  cir- 
cumstances require  it— for  each  part  of  a  division,  such  as  spurs,  main- 
line, etc.  The  foregoing  also  applies  in  regard  to  the  data  specified 
below.  In  other  words,  the  information  should  be  given  for  the  railroad 
as  a  whole,  and  for  such  subdivisions  thereof  as  the  exigencies  of  the 
property  require.  It  is  only  by  subdividing  the  service  of  a  railroad  in 
this  way  that  comparisons  of  the  highest  value  are  possible — for  the  rea- 
son that  comparisons  must  be  based  on  similar  conditions.  Thus,  one 
part  of  a  road  may  have  a  light  traffic  with  heavy  grades;  another  heavy 
traffic  with  light  grades,  and  so  on.) 


*The  number  may  be  for  the  week,  month,  year,  or  for  any 
other  period:  and  the  same  in  regard  lo  the  averages  called  for 
further  on. 


62  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

Proceeding  with  the  recapitulation  of  Exhibits, 
they  should  show: 

Total  number  of  loaded  freight  cars  hauled  in  trains,  eastbound. 

Total  number  of  loaded  freight  cars  hauled  in  trains,  westbound. 

Total  number  of  loaded  freight  cars  hauled  in  trains. 

Total  number  of  empty  freight  cars  hauled  in  trains,  eastbound. 

Total  number  of  empty  freight  cars  hauled  in  trains,  westbound. 

Total  number  of  empty  freight  cars  hauled  in  trains. 

Total  number  of  all  freight  cars  hauled  in  trains,  eastbound. 

Total  number  of  all  freight  cars  hauled  in  trains,  westbound. 

Total  number  of  all  freight  cars  hauled  in  trains. 

Average  number  of  loaded  freight  cars  hauled  in  each  train, 
eastbound. 

Average  number  of  loaded  freight  cars  hauled  in  each  train, 
westbound. 

Average  number  of  loaded  freight  cars  hauled  in  each  train. 

Average  number  of  empty  freight  cars  hauled  in  each  train, 
eastbonind. 

Average  number  of  empty  freight  cars  hauled  in  each  train, 
westbound. 

Average   number  of  empty  freight  cars  hauled  in  each  train. 

Average  number  of  all  freight  cars  hauled  in  each  train,  eastbound. 

Average  numberof  all  freight  cars  hauled  in  each  train,  westbound. 

Average  number  of  all  freight  cars  hauled  in  each  train. 

Average  number  of  loaded  freight  cars  hauled  in  trains  daily, 
eastbound. 

Average  number  of  loaded  freight  cars  hauled  in  trains  daily, 
westbound. 

Average  number  of  loaded  freight  cars  hauled  in  trains  daily. 

Average  number  of  empty  freight  cars  hauled  in  trains  daily, 
eastbound. 

Average  number  of  empty  freight  cars  hauled  in  trains  daily, 
westbound. 

Average  number  of  empty  freight  cars  hauled  in  trains  daily. 

Average  number  of  all  freight  cars  hauled  in  trains  daily,  east- 
bound. 

Average  number  of  all  freight  cars  ha-jled  in  trains  daily,  west- 
bound. 

Average  number  of  all  freight  cars  hauled  in  trains  daily. 

Total  mileage  of  loaded  freight  cars,  eastbound. 

Tot  il  mileage  of  loaded  freight  cars,  westbound. 

Total  milease  of  loaded  freight  cars. 

Total  mileage  of  empty  freight  cars,  eastbound. 

Total  mileage  of  empty  freight  cars,  westbound. 

Total  mileage  of  empty  freight  cars. 

Total  mileage  of  all  freight  cars,  eastbound. 

Total  mileage  of  all  freight  cars,  westbound. 

Total  mileage  of  all  freight  cars. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  63 

Total  mileage  of  home  freight  cars,  eastbound. 

Total  mileage  of  home  freight  cars,  westbound. 

Total  mileage  of  home  freight  cars. 

Total  mileage  of  foreign  freight  cars,  eastbound. 

Total  mileage  of  foreign  freight  cars,  westbound. 

Total  mileage  of  foreign  freight  cars. 

Average  mileage  of  loaded  freight  cars  per  day,  eastbound. 

Average  mileage  of  loaded  freight  cars  per  day,  westbound. 

Average  mileage  of  loaded  freight  cars  per  day. 

Average  mileage  of  empty  freight  cars  per  day,  eastbound. 

Average  mileage  of  empty  freight  cars  per  day,  westbound. 

Average  mileage  of  empty  freight  cars  per  day. 

Average  mileage  of  all  freight  cars  per  day,  eastbound. 

Average  mileage  of  all  freight  cars  per  day,  westbouud. 

Average  mileage  of  all  freight  cars  per  day. 

Average  mileage  of  home  freight  cars  per  day,  eastbound. 

Average  mileage  of  home  freight  cars  per  day,  westbound. 

Average  mileage  of  home  freight  cars  per  day. 

Average  mileage  of  foreign  freight  cars  per  day,  eastbound. 

Average  mileage  of  foreign  freight  cars  per  day,  westbound 

Average  mileage  of  foreign  freight  cars  per  day. 

Average  mueage  of  loaded  freight  cars  in  each  train,  eastbound. 

Average  mileage  of  loaded  freight  cars  in  each  train,  westbound. 

Average  mileage  of  loaded  freight  cars  in  each  train. 

Average  mileage  of  empty  freight  cars  in  each  train,  eastbound. 

Average  mileage  of  empty  freight  cars  in  each  train,  westbound. 

Average  mileage  of  empty  freight  cars  in  each  traiu. 

Average  mileage  of  all  freight  cars  in  each  train,  eastbound. 

Average  mileage  of  all  freight  cars  in  each  train,  westbound. 

Average  mileage  of  all  freight  cars  in  each  train. 

Average  mileage  of  home  freight  cars  in  each  train,  eastbound. 

Average  mileage  of  home  freight  cars  in  each  train,  westbound. 

Average  mileage  of  home  freight  cars  in  each  train. 

Average  mileage  of  foreign  freight  cars  in  each  train,  eastbound. 

Average  mileage  of  foreign  freight  cars  in  each  train,  westbound. 

Average  mileage  of  foreign  freight  cars  in  each  train. 

Total  number  of  foreign  freight  cars  in  service  on  the  system. 

Total  number  of  home  freight  cars  in  service  of  foreign  roads. 

Total  number  of  miles  run  oy  foreign  freight  cars  on  the  system. 

Total  number  of  tons  hauled,  eastbound. 

Total  number  of  tons  hauled,  westbound. 

Total  number  of  tons  hauled. 

Average  tonnage— revenue  and  non-revenue—hauled  in  each 

train,  eastbound. 
Average  tonnage — revenue  and  non-revenue — hauled  in   each 

train,  westbound. 

Average  tonnage— revenue  and  non-revenue—hauled  in  each  train. 
Average  revenue  tonnage  hauled  per  car,  eastbound. 
Average  revenue  tonnage  hauled  per  car,  westbound. 


04  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

Average  revenue  tonnage  hauled  per  car. 

Total  distance  revenue  tonnage  was  hauled  (or— as  it  is  termed 

in  railway  phraseology)  'The  total  number  of  revenue  tons 

carried  one  mile',  eastbound. 

Total  number  of  revenue  tons  carried  one  mile,  westbound. 
Total  number  of  revenue  tons  carried  one  mile. 

Information  in  regard  to  tons  carried  one  mile 
is  necessary  to  ascertain  the  average  rate  per  ton 
per  mile:  information  of  value  as  generally  indi- 
cating the  comparative  character  of  the  traffic 
and  the  maintenance,  or  otherwise,  of  rates;  and 
therefore  of  importance  in  comparing  different, 
but  generally  similar  periods. 

The  great  value  to  a  management  of  data  along 
the  lines  outlined  above,  for  exercising  a  minute 
supervision  over  operations,  in  the  absence  of 
other  scources  of  information,  cannot  be  overesti- 
mated. It  affords  information  for  analyzing  con- 
ditions and  making  comparisons  along  gener- 
ally similar  lines  that  may  be  made  very  useful 
in  scrutinizing  the  movement  of  cars  and  trains. 

While  the  foregoing  exhibits  will  greatly  aid 
in  watching  the  movement  of  freight  cars  and 
conditions  of  service  generally,  they  are  by  no 
means  complete.  Thus,  instead  of  being  satis- 
fied with  the  gross  tonnage  hauled,  managers  will 
require  it  to  be  classified  as  the  peculiar  traffic  of 
a  line  suggests.  If  it  is  largely  made  up  of  ores, 
separate  information  will  be  required  for  such 
traffic;  and  so  in  regard  to  coal,  live-stock,  grain, 
timber,  or  other  classes  of  freight  that  predomi- 
nate and  that  must  necessarily  be  shown  apart 
from  the  balance  in  order  to  make  exhibits  of  any 
value.  I  have  made  little  attempt  except  to 


SUPERVISION  OF  CABS.  65 

show  the  performance  of  cars.  The  management 
of  every  road  will  however  require  not  only  in- 
formation concerning  such  matters,  but  what  the 
cars  contained — Commodity  statements  in  fact, 
showing  the  quantity  of  different  classes  of  freight 
carried  and  the  earnings  derived  therefrom.  Such 
information  is  not  only  interesting  but  exceed- 
ingly valuable,  especially  when  compared  with 
corresponding  periods  indicating,  as  it  will, 
whether  particular  kinds  of  traffic  are  increasing 
or  falling  off:  and  so  I  might  go  on  indefinitely, 
if  necessary,  pointing  out  how  exhibits  of  cars 
and  the  traffic  they  carry  may  be  elaborated  to 
meet  particular  conditions  and  the  varied  re- 
quirements of  different  managers. 

What  I  have  said  in  regard  to  exhibits  for 
traffic  and  equipment  in  the  schedule  given  above, 
refers  wholly  to  Freight.  But  as  a  matter  of 
fact  the  same  information  is  required  by  a  rail- 
way company  in  connection  with  its  Passenger 
service;  and  along  the  same  lines,  as  those  I  have 
specified.  The  differences  are  largely  those  of 
phraseology.  However,  where  there  are  differ- 
ences arising  from  dissimilarity  of  service,  they 
will  suggest  wherein  the  formulas  particularized 
above,  will  require  to  be  changed  or,  perhaps, 
omitted  altogether;  and  so  I  need  not.  repeat  a 
second  time,  the  list  already  given  in  detail. 

In  reference  to  the  technical  classification  of 
trains  and,  therefore  measurably,  of  cars — I 
would  respectfully  refer  the  reader  to  the  chapter 
treating  of  such  matters  with  some  considerable 
particularity,  in  the  volume  on  the  "Supervision 


66  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

of  Locomotives"  one  of  the  series  of  "The  Science 
of  Railways."  It- is  too  lengthy  to  be  repeated 
here  and  too  involved  to  permit  of  any  great 
abridgment. 

In  reference  to  exhibits  of  every  kind,  it  may 
be  said  in  conclusion,  that  their  necessity,  as  a 
whole  or  in  part,  will  be  governed  by  the  envi- 
ronment of  each  railroad,  its  organization,  nature 
of  equipment,  character  and  direction  of  traffic, 
and  other  matters  peculiar  to  its  management 
and  operations.  Each  company  will  require 
that  which  seems  essential  to  its  effective  and 
economical  working,  eschewing  those  exhibits 
that  do  not  appear  to  compensate  for  the  clerical 
labor  and  other  expense  that  they  entail. 


CHAPTER   V. 

DEMURRAGE  AND  STORAGE  SERVICE — EXPEDITING 
THE  LOADING  AND  UNLOADING  OF  CARS  AND 
REMOVAL  OF  FREIGHT  FROM  PLATFORMS  AND 
WAREHOUSES. 

A  feature  of  great  importance  connected  with 
the  supervision  of  cars  and  their  effective  use,  is 
the  necessity  there  is  to  enforce  reasonable 
promptness  in  loading  and  unloading  the  same. 
The  cash  value  of  the  freight  cars  of  railroads 
approximates  a  thousand-millions  of  dollars. 
These  vehicles— this  enormous  sum — earn  money 
only  when  in  active  use;  when  the  cars  have 
been  loaded  and  are  on  their  way  to  their  desti- 
nation. For  tariffs  are  based  on  the  haul  (and 
the  stipulated  number  of  hours  for  loading  and 
unloading)  and  make  no  provision  for  the  length 
of  time  patrons  have  possession  of  cars  outside 
of  this  limit.  And  because  of  this,  and  the  dila- 
toriness  of  shippers,  railroad  companies  have 
found  it  necessary  to  enforce  a  demurrage  charge 
in  those  cases  where  unreasonable  time  is  taken 
in  loading  or  unloading. 

The  object  of  the  demurrage  charge  or  fine, 
whatever  it  may  be  called,  is  to  expedite  work 
at  stations.  For  the  charge  of  one  dollar  per 
day  for  delinquencies  in  no  case  covers  what  the 
car  would  earn  if  in  use.  For  this  reason  it  is 

(67) 


68  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

probable  that  the  rules  and  regulations  at  pres- 
ent enforced  throughout  the  country  in  this 
respect  will  not  be  permanent,  but  that  experi- 
ence and  enlightenment  on  the  subject  will 
tend  to  their  betterment  in  other  directions— to 
the  adoption  in  fact  of  more  equitable  rates  and 
greater  safeguards. 

In  the  controversies  that  have  arisen  between 
carriers  and  the  Government — abetted  by  ship- 
pers— in  regard  to  demurrage  charges,  the  latter 
has  not  insisted  that  such  charges  are  unreasona- 
ble, but  has  claimed  that  the  enforcement  of  them 
through  car  service  associations  was  in  the  nature 
of  a  pool  or  trust,  and  therefore  illegal.  What- 
ever the  outcome  of  the  controversy  may  be,  it 
cannot  affect  the  principle  that  carriers  are  enti- 
tled to  a  fair  rate  of  compensation  for  their  cars 
when  the  users  thereof  are  dilatory  in  loading 
or  unloading  them.  The  same  is  true  in  regard 
to  neglect  of  merchants  and  others  to  remove 
their  property  from  the  warehouses  and  plat- 
forms of  railroads.*  It  cannot  be  too  strongly 
emphasized  that  full  value  is  not  exacted  in  the 
demurrage  charge  for  the  use  of  property.  Its 
enforcement  is  primarily  designed  to  compel 
reasonable  diligence  on  the  part  of  the  patrons 
of  railroads.  Though  there  is  no  reason  and 
can  be  none,  why  railroads  should  not  have  the 
full  earnings  value  of  every  car  detained  beyond 

*In  connection  with  this  charge,  however,  the  Statutes  of 
some  of  the  States  do  not  permit  railroads  to  make  a  charge  for 
warehousing— and  thus  the  latter  cannot  offer  suc-h  facilities  to 
their  patrons  without  wrong  to  themselves. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  69 

the  necessary  free  time  allowed  for  loading  and 
unloading.  Every  minute  that  the  facilities  of 
a  railroad  company  are  thus  tied  up  full  com- 
pensation may  reasonably  be  exacted.  And  that 
this  right  will  ultimately  be  enforced  seems 
reasonable. 

The  rights  of  railways,  and  the  rights  of  the 
public  who  require  cars — and  are  not  always 
able  to  get  them— demand  that  the  least  possible 
delay  should  occur  in  loading  and  unloading. 
Every  moment  beyond  such  period  lessens  the 
available  equipment  of  a  railroad  and  so  restricts 
the  supply — and,  from  the  standpoint  of  the 
carriers,  lessens  the  just  profits  of  their  business. 
Not  only  the  rights  of  the  carrier,  therefore,  but 
those  of  the  public  as  well  are  dependent  upon 
the  exercise  of  due  diligence  on  the  part  of 
those  who  use  cars.  But  the  interests  of  the 
latter,  and  those  of  the  carrier  frequently  clash. 
Shippers  may  and  do  find  it  both  convenient  and 
profitable  to  load  and  unload  cars  at  their  con- 
venience. The  matter  cannot,  therefore,  be  left 
to  their  discretion  without  injustice  to  the  car- 
rier and  the  tying  up  of  necessary  facilities. 

It  is  mere  selfishness  on  the  part  of  those  who 
use  cars  to  claim  exemption  from  necessary 
rules  and  penalties;  first,  because  of  injustice  to 
the  railroads ;  and,  second,  because  it  deprives 
others  of  needed  facilities — for  a  railroad  com- 
pany cannot  keep  in  stock  a  sufficient  supply  of 
cars  to  answer  both  the  purpose  of  transporta- 
tion and  storage.  But  whether  the  regulations 
necessary  to  prevent  this  are  enforced  by '  each 


70  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

company  for  itself,  or  through  an  agent  acting 
in  common  for  all  matters  little  if  the  principle 
is  recognized  as  just.  And  if  there  is  any  law 
that  prevents  such  enforcement — when  exercised 
along  just  and  equitable  grounds — it  is  unjust 
and  should  be  repealed.  And  it  is  probable  that 
those  who  seek  cover  behind  such  a  law  do  so 
with  the  knowledge  that  if  enforced  through  the 
individual  initiative  of  railroads,  that  the  strife 
among  carriers  for  business  will  open  loop  holes 
through  which  their  patrons  may  hope  to  escape 
any  charge  whatever,  either  for  delay  in  loading 
or  unloading,  or  the  undue  use  of  platforms  and 
warehouses.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the 
adoption  of  the  car  service  associations  grew  out 
of  such  strife  among  carriers.* 

The  propriety  and  reasonableness  of  railroads 
enforcing  a  charge  for  delays  in  loading  and 
unloading  cars  has  been  made  so  apparent  by  the 
impartial  enforcement  of  such  regulations  by  the 
associations  in  question,  that  if  they  are  abolished 
carriers — with  the  experience  and  enlightenment 

*In  reference  to  the  introduction  of  the  car  service  associa- 
tions, a  writer  on  the  subject  says: 

"It  was  early  recognized  as  a  necessity  that  to  secure  the 
impartial  enforcement  of  those  rules  (demurrage  and  warehouse) 
their  supervision  and  application  would  have  to  be  taken  from 
the  officers  of  the  railways  whose  chief  duty  was  to  secure  traffic, 
and  likewise  from  those  officers  whose  attention  was  so  centered 
upon  the  movement  of  business  in  transit  that  the  reasons  which 
led  to  the  detention  of  cars  at  destination  received  but  secondary 
consideration.  These  causes  led  to  the  establishment  of  inde- 
pendent car  service  organizations  at  the  more  important  traffic 
centers,  especially  charged  with  the  supervision  of  the  equipment 
at  terminals;  .and  to  apply  the  rules  uniformly  upon  all  railroads 
centering  at  such  points." 

The  duties  assigned  these  associations  were  merely  supervi- 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  71 

they  have  had — will  be  able,  by  individual  effort, 
to  secure  the  same  results.  It  would  be  folly  to 
assume  otherwise;  that  the  experience  and  talent 
of  the  officers  of  railroads  are  not  sufficient  to 
meet  such  an  emergency.  It  may  be  assumed 
therefore  that  reasonable  charges  for  demurrage 
and  warehousing  have  come  to  stay,  and  that 
nothing  can  permanently  interfere  with  their 
just  and  active  enforcement. 

It  may  be  said  truly  that  the  rates  enforced 
for  demurrage  and  storage  are  not  based  on  the 
arbitrary  dictum  of  the  carrier,  but  in  all  cases 
bear  just  relation  to  the  nature  of  the  traffic  and 
the  value  of  the  equipment — though,  in  no  case, 
as  I  have  stated,  is  the  compensation  adequate. 
Thus  in  the  qase  of  demurrage  it  is  shown  by  the 
Interstate  Commerce  Commission  that  the  earn- 
ings of  a  freight  car  exceed  two  dollars  per  day 
when  in  service,  while  the  charge  for  demurrage 
enforced  by  the  carrier  does  not  generally  exceed 
one-dollar  per  day.  The  loss  entailed  by  the 
carrier  he  will  suffer  so  long  as  he  does  not 
charge  a  rate  commensurate  with  the  earning 

sory;  to  see  that  there  was  no  discrimination  exercised  in  favor 
of  particular  shippers.  It  was  their  duty  to  see  that  the  rates 
were  uniform  at  particular  centers  and  uniformly  enforced. 
Moreover,  they  were  entrusted  with  the  duty  of  seeing  that  no 
injustice  was  done  to  the  patrons  of  any  railroad;  or,  in  the 
event  there  had  been,  they  were  empowered  and  directed  to 
correct  it.  The  accounting  connected  with  the  associations  was 
done  by  the  railroad  companies,  earn  company  making  its  re- 
ports and  collecting  the  revenues  within  its  own  territory. 

However,  if  through  any  cause  the  car  service  associations 
cease  to  exist  because  of  Government  prohibition  or  otherwise, 
the  machinery  operated  by  them  may  be  operated— although 
perhaps  not  as  effectively— directly  by  the  employes  of  the 
railroad  companies  concerned. 


72  SCIENCE  OF  RA  TL  WA  TS. 

capacity  of  the  vehicle,  when  in  use,  less  its  wear 
and  tear.  Nor  are  there  any  just  grounds  for 
the  claim  that  shippers  should  not  be  charged 
more  per  day  for  demurrage  than  railway  com- 
panies enforce  between  each  other  for  the  use  of 
their  cars.  In  the  former  case  there  is  no  recip- 
rocal accommodation  while  in  the  latter  railroads 
use  each  others  cars  in  common,  and  so  derive  a 
mutual  benefit — the  intent  of  the  charge  between 
railroads  being  mainly  to  prevent  the  user  of  a 
car  allowing  it  to  lie  idle  and  so  out  of  service 
rather  than  go  to  the  expense  of  returning  it  to 
the  owner. 

With  this  explanation  I  subjoin  the  accom- 
panying regulations  regarding  demurrage  and 
warehousing  without  comment,  it  being  under- 
stood that  while  they  are  actually  in  force  today 
at  great  railway  centers,  they  are  inserted  here 
as  suggestive  rather  than  being  final  and  conclu- 
sive. For  it  is  to  be  said  of  these  rules,  as  of  all 
others  connected  with  railroads,  that  conditions 
govern;  and  so  these  regulations  may  be  con- 
sidered illustrative  merely — as  defining  the  rights 
of  railroads  under  certain  conditions — rather  than 
authoritative. 

All  freight  in  carloads  shall  be  subject  to  car 
service  charges,  and  all  freight  held  in  railroad 
warehouses  or  on  platforms  shall  be  subject  to 
storage  charges,  in  accordance  with  the  following 
regulations: 

Forty-eight  hours  will  be  allowed  for  the  load- 
ing or  unloading  of  cars. 

When  the  same  car  is  re-loaded,  ninety-six 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  73 

hours  will  be  allowed  for  unloading  and  reload- 
ing. 

Forty-eight  hours  free  time  will  be  allowed  on 
storage  tracks  of  railroads  bringing  cars  into  the 
territory  covered  by  these  rules  for  placing  of  re- 
consignment  or  switching  orders,  but  this  will 
not  apply  when  cars  are  moved  from  one  delivery 
track  to  another  for  accommodation  of  consignees. 

Time  will  be  computed  from  first  6  p.  M.  after 
arrival,  when  cars  are  held  for  orders,  and  from 
first  6  P.  M.  after  placing  on  delivery  tracks  when 
held  for  1<  -ading  or  unloading,  except  as  herein- 
after provided. 

(NOTE. — The  rules  for  computing  time  vary  somewhat  in  different  localities. 
Thus  in  one  section  the  charge  is  from  12  o'clock  noon  on  cars  arriving 
during  the  forenoon;  and  from  7  the  following  day  if  they  arrive  after 
12  o'clock  noon.) 

Iii  computing  time,  Sundays  and  the  following 
holidays  are  exempted:  New  Year's  Day,  Lin- 
coln's Birthday,  Washington's  Birthday,  Decora- 
tion Day,  Fourth  of  July,  Labor  Day,  Thanksgiving 
Day,  Christmas  Day,  and  all  general  and  muni- 
cipal election  days.  When  a  legal  holiday  falls  on 
Sunday,  the  following  Monday  will  be  exempted. 

Cars  containing  grain  in  bulk  will  be  allowed 
forty-eight  hours  free  time  for  disposition  from 
12  o'clock  noon  of  the  day  of  arrival,  provided 
the  grain  is  subject  to  inspection  and  is  inspected 
before  10  o'clock  A.  M.  of  that  day.  If  inspection 
is  made  after  10  A.  M.,  car  service  will  begin  forty- 
eight  hours  from  12  o'clock  noon  of  the  following 
day. 

Grain  ordered  to  elevators  located  on  tracks  of 
the  railroads  bringing  the  cars  into  the  territory 
covered  by  these  rules  will  be  held  ten  days  free 
of  car  service  from  first  6  P.  M.  after  orders  are 
filed  with  local  agent. 


74  SCIENCE  OF  RA  TL  WA  T8. 

Grain  from  connecting  lines  consigned  or 
ordered  to  elevators,  \vill  be  held  10  days  free  of 
car  service  from  6  p.  M.  of  date  of  receipt  by  the 
railroad  delivering  to  elevatoi. 

Grain  from  connecting  lines  held  for  disposi- 
tion will  be  allowed  forty-eight  hours  free  time 
from  first  6  P.  M.  after  receipt  of  cars  by  second- 
ary line" for  the  placing  of  final  billing  directions 
with  billing  agent. 

Grain  loaded  at  elevators  will  be  allowed  forty- 
eight  hours  free  time  from  first  6  p.  M.  after  cars 
are  loaded,  for  placing  billing  directions  with 
billing  agent. 

(NOTE.— In  one  locality  no  charge  is  made  on  grain  for  delivery  at  public 
elevators;  but  when  it  is  held  out  of  elevators  by  order  of  shipper  or 
consignee,  it  is  subject  to  the  same  rules  as  other  freight) 

Cars  loaded  with  baled  hay  and  straw,  will  be 
allowed  forty-eight  hours  free  time  from  first  7 
A.  M.  after  being  placed  on  track  in  delivery  yard, 
for  the  placing  of  orders.  Forty-eight  hours  addi- 
tional free  time  will  be  allowed  for  unloading, 
computing  time  from  first  6  p.  M.  after  order  is 
filed  at  local  office. 

Cars  loaded  with  coal  and  coke  may  be  held  on 
storage  tracks  of  the  railroads  bringing  cars  into 
the  territory  covered  by  these  rules  for  a  period 
of  seven  (7)  days  free  time  for  disposition. 

(NOTE:— Seven  days  free  time  Is  allowed  for  disposition  of  coal  and  coke  to 
insure  a  supply  of  fuel  at  all  times  in  the  large  cities  and  manufacturing 
centers,  and  to  provide  for  irregularities  iii  transit  incident  to  low  class 
freight  moving  long  distances.  The  rule  is  so  worded  that  seven  days  is 
the  maximum  time  as  roads  that  originate  coal  at  short  distances  do  not 
find  it  advisable  to  allow  the  full  seven  days.  In  another  place  cars 
loaded  with  coal  and  coke  may  be  held  on  storage  tracks  seventy-two 
hours;  and  afterwards  forty  eight  hours  on  unloading  tracks  before 
demurrage  is  assessed:  the  same  rule  applies  to  bulk  salt,  lime,  ore,  and 
fluxing  materials.) 

Cars  loaded  with  freight  in  bond  will  be  allowed 
forty-eight  hours  free  time  for  unloading  after 
release  by  United  States  Customs  officer. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  75 

Cars  containing  freight  held  for  billing,  mill- 
ing, shelling,  cleaning,  sacking,  or  for  change  of 
load  by  owner  or  his  agent,  will  be  subject  to  car 
service  if  held  in  excess  of  forty-eight  hours,  and 
if  such  shipments  are  transferred  to  other  cars, 
the  charge  will  continue  on  cars  to  which  trans- 
fer is  made,  and  must  be  collected  or  billed  as 
cash  advances. 

Cars  billed  to  order,  when  held  for  bills  of  lad- 
ing or  instructions  are  subject  to  car  service 
charges  at  the  expiration  of  forty-eight  hours 
from  arrival,  and  car  service  must  be  collected 
before  delivery  of  the  freight. 

When  cars  are  held  for  payment  of  freight 
charges,  car  service  will  be  assessed  at  the  expira- 
tion of  forty-eight  hours  from  arrival. 

Cars  must  not  be  held  back  from,  or  outside 
of,  place  to  which  they  are  consigned,  for  the 
purpose  of  evading  car  service  charges.  When 
cars  are  held  by  reason  of  consignee  not  being 
ready  to  receive  them,  the  agent  shall  include 
such  cars  in  his  car  service  report,  and  demurrage 
shall  be  charged  thereon  as  provided  in  the  rules. 

When  any  consignee  is  unable  to  receive  freight 
or  to  unload  cars,  and,  for  that  reason,  the  deliv- 
ering line  refuses  to  receive  cars  from  connecting 
lines  consigned  to  such  consignee,  the  agent  of 
such  connecting  line  or  lines  holding  cars  for 
such  consignee  shall  immediately  notify  the  con- 
signor or  consignee  of  the  cars  so  held,  and  of  the 
inability  to  forward  or  deliver  the  same,  and  shall 
charge  car  service,  if  delivery  cannot  be  effected 
within  free  time  allowed  for  reconsignment. 

At  the  expiration  of  free  time  (i.  e.,  the  time 
allowed  the  patron  by  a  company  to  load  or  un- 
load a  car)  a  charge  of  one  dollar  per  car  per  day, 


76  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

or  fraction  thereof,  must  be  collected  for  deten- 
tion of  all  cars  held  for  loading  or  unloading,  or 
subject  to  order  of  consignors,  consignees  or  their 
agents. 

When  both  cars  and  tracks  on  which  cars  are 
held  are  owned  by  the  same  party,  not  a  railroad 
company,  no  charge  will  be  made;  but  when 
private  cars  are  detained  on  tracks  of  other  firms 
or  individuals,  or  on  tracks  belonging  to  or  oper- 
ated by  railroads  writhin  the  territory  covered  by 
these  rules  and  subscribing  thereto,  the  estab- 
lished charge  shall  apply. 

Storage  will  be  charged  when  freight  unloaded 
at  railroad  warehouses  or  platforms  is  not  removed 
by  consignee  within  forty-eight  hours  from  first 
6  P.  M.  after  cars  are  unloaded. 

Freight  in  cars  placed  on  delivery  tracks  and 
subsequently  sent  to  railroad  warehouses  or  plat- 
forms, is  subject  to  car  service  rules  while  on 
delivery  tracks,  and  storage  rules  after  cars  are 
unloaded  at  warehouses  or  platforms. 

Freight  upon  which  the  free  time  has  expired 
while  on  delivery  track,  and  subsequently  sent 
to  warehouses  or  platforms,  shall  be  subject  to 
storage  charge  immediately  when  unloaded  at 
warehouses  or  platforms. 

Freight  received  for  shipment  at  railroad  ware- 
houses or  platforms  will  be  charged  storage,  if 
held  more  than  forty-eight  hours  from  first  6 
p.  M.  after  receipt,  to  complete  a  shipment  or  for 
forwarding  directions. 

When  freight  is  held  in  railroad  warehouses  or 
on  platforms  in  excess  of  free  time,  charge  will 
be  made  for  storage  at  the  rate  of  five  cents  per 
ton  per  day. 

Any  fractional  part  of  two  thousand  pounds 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  77 

will  be  computed  as  a  ton,  and  any  fractional 
part  of  twenty-four  hours  will  be  computed  as 
a  day. 

A  minimum  storage  cnarge  of  five  cents  per 
day  will  be  made  on  each  consignment  of  freight 
of  less  than  two  thousand  pounds. 

(NOTE.— Storage  rules,  it  may  be  said,  are  necessary  to  the  fair  and  impar- 
tial application  of  the  car  service  rules;  also,  to  prevent  congestion  at 
freight  houses,  by  enforcing  prompt  removal  of  freight.) 

Cars  containing  freight  to  be  delivered  from 
track  warehouses  or  platforms,  shall  be  switched 
immediately  on  arrival,  or  as  soon  thereafter  as 
the  usual  routine  of  yard  work  will  permit. 

The  delivery  of  cars  consigned,  or  ordered,  to 
private  tracks  or  designated  public  delivery 
tracks,  shall  be  considered  to  have  been  effected 
when  such  cars  have  been  placed  on  the  tracks 
designated,  or,  if  such  tracks  be  full,  when  the 
road  offering  the  cars  would  have  made  delivery 
had  the  condition  of  such  tracks  permitted. 

Agents  must  collect  car  service  charges  regard- 
less of  the  state  of  the  weather,  unless  exemption 
is  authorized  by  the  official  having  the  disposition 
of  such  matters. 

Live  stock  and  material  belonging  to  the  rail- 
road shall  be  exempt  from  car  service  rules,  and 
shall  not  be  included  in  reports. 

Car  service  (demurrage)  and  storage  charges 
must  be  collected  in  the  same  manner  and  with 
the  same  regularity  and  promptness  as  transpor- 
tation or  switching  charges. 

Freight  upon  which  car  service  or  storage 
charges  have  accrued  shall  not  be  removed  from 
the  railroad  company's  premises  until  the  charges 
thereon  have  been  paid.  When  consignors  or 
consignees  refuse  to  pay,  agent  will  hold  freight 


78  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

until  payment  is  made  and  assess  regular  charges 
until  the  freight  is  removed;  or,  at  his  option,  he 
may  send  freight  to  a  public  warehouse  or  yard, 
where  the  same  must  be  held  subject  to  storage 
charges,  in  addition  to  all  other  charges. 

When  cars  are  detained  on  private  tracks  be- 
yond the  free  time  for  loading  or  unloading,  and 
payment  of  car  service  charges  is  refused,  agents 
must,  after  giving  five  days'  notice,  decline  to 
switch  cars  to  private  tracks  of  such  parties;  and 
thereafter  tender  freight  from  public  team  tracks, 
and  collect  freight  charges  before  delivery,  until 
satisfactory  guarantee  is  given  that  the  car  ser- 
vice rules  will  be  complied  with;  the  official  in 
charge  of  such  matters  must  be  promptly  advised 
of  such  action. 

When  grain  is  held  for  an  elevator  in  excess  of 
free  time,  car  service  charges  must  be  collected 
from  the  elevator. 

Car  service  charges  due  for  detention  of  cars 
ordered  to  connecting  lines  within  the  switching 
limits  of  the  territory  covered  by  these  rules  shall 
be  collected  by  the  agent  of  the  forwarding  line. 
When  cars  are  ordered  or  destined  to  points  be- 
yond switching  limits,  the  agent,  at  his  option, 
can  collect  from  shipper  or  consignee,  or  let  the 
charges  follow  as  advances. 

All  claims  for  relief  from,  or  refund  of  charges 
collected  under  these  rules,  and  all  other  claims 
shall  be  referred  with  full  explanations  to  the 
official  in  charge  of  demurrage  and  storage  ser- 
vice. 

Agents  of  railroads  must  make  and  send  to  the 
official  in  charge  of  demurrage  and  storage  a 
record  of  all  freight  subject  to  car  service  and 
storage  rules,  on  such  forms  and  in  such  manner 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  79 

as  may  from  time  to  time  be  prescribed,  and  give 
such  other  information  in  relation  to  car  service 
and  storage  as  may  be  required. 

The  foregoing  rules  are  complete  in  them- 
selves. Usages,  however,  differ  according  to 
conditions  and  measures.  Thus,  at-  one  point 
two  cents  per  cwt.  will  be  charged  for  storage 
on  potatoes,  apples  and  other  similar  products 
for  the  first  week,  and  three-fourths  of  a  cent  for 
each  succeeding  week  or  fraction  thereof;  on 
canned  goods,  sugar,  and  other  specified  articles, 
the  rate  will  be  one  and  one-half  cents  per  cwt.  for 
the  first  week,  and  so  on.  Another  group  of  rail- 
ways will  charge  one  cent  per  cwt.  on  all  classes 
of  freight  with  a  minimum  of  ten  cents  for  any 
one  consignment,  and  a  maximum  therefor  of 
one  dollar  per  day.  Still  another  group  will — 
because  of  lack  of  facilities — make  it  a  rule  to 
deliver  all  packages  of  freight  at  a  public  ware- 
house at  the  expiration  of  free  time  allowed  con- 
signees. In  all  cases  however  the  charge  is 
along  well  considered  lines  and  is  both  reason- 
able and  proper. 

In  the  enforcement  of  the  regulations  govern- 
ing demurrage  and  storage  charges,  careful  pro- 
vision is  made  to  prevent  injustice  being  done 
to  the  patrons  of  railways,  such  as  a  charge  for 
detentions  for  which  they  are  not  responsible. 
Reasonable  concessions  are  also  made  in  regard 
to  time  allowed  for  loading  and  unloading  par- 
ticular classes  of  freight.  In  every  case  the 
carrier  is  quick  to  accord  relief  where  an  unjust 
charge  has  been  made. 


80  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

Prior  to  the  arbitrary  enforcement  of  demur- 
rage and  storage  charges  an  intolerable  misuse  of 
freight  cars  prevailed.  Consignees,  with  no  other 
place  of  business  than  a  desk,  perhaps,  would 
receive  freight  in  car-lots  and  upon  its  arrival, 
failing  to  find  a  customer,  would  hold  the  cars 
on  the  track  until  they  were  able  to  dispose  of 
the  freight.  Or,  after  exhausting  the  patience 
of  one  carrier,  would,  upon  payment  of  a  small 
switching  charge,  move  the  car  to  the  tracks  of 
another  company  and  so  repeat  the  delinquency. 
It  often  fell  out  in  the  case  of  delays,  that  the 
contents  of  the  car  would  so  depreciate  in  value 
that  the  railroads  could  not  realize,  by  enforced 
sales,  sufficient  to  pay  their  just  charges.  Buy- 
ers, emulous  of  gain,  would  order  large  supplies 
in  order  to  take  advantage  of  a  favorable  market 
and,  on  arrival  of  the  goods,  owing  to  lack  of 
storage  facilities,  would  leave  the  freight  on  the 
tracks,  or  in  the  warehouses  of  the  company.  A 
very  large  percentage  of  the  freight  received  by 
carriers  at  large  centers,  is  deliverable  in  car  lots 
upon  the  tracks  of  other  companies.  Prior  to 
the  enforcement  of  fixed  regulations  governing 
demurrage  a  serious  condition  confronted  the 
owners  of  cars  passing  to  connecting  lines.  Thus, 
a  car  owned  by  the  Erie  would  be  switched  to 
the  track  of  another  road  having  a  correspond- 
ing terminal,  with  the  result  that  there  being  no 
arbitrary  rule  in  regard  to  the  return  of  the  car, 
it  would  fall  out  that  the  Erie  would  be,  little 
by  little,  divested  in  this  way  of  its  rolling  stock 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  81 

and  so  unable  to  afford  accommodations  to  its 
patrons. 

In  conclusion  it  may  be  said  in  regard  to  the 
enforcement  of  arbitrary  regulations  governing 
demurrage,  that  in  1888,  prior  to  such  enforce- 
ment, the  average  detention  of  a  car  by  patrons, 
was  five  days.  In  1903,  after  fifteen  years  of 
definite  enforcement  of  such  rules,  the  average 
was  reduced  to  1.69  days  per  car.  This  gain — 
on  the  basis  of  the  freight  car  equipment  of 
railroads — was  equal  to  an  addition  of  315,923 
cars  to  the  equipment  of  American  railways,  and 
to  that  extent  afforded  those  who  use  freight 
cars  that  additional  accommodation  over  old 
conditions.  From  whatever  point  viewed  the 
due  enforcement  of  demurrage  charges  may  be 
said  to  be  a  public  and  private  necessity  ;  it  less- 
ens waste  of  needed  facilities  and  in  a  measure 
protects  the  just  rights  of  the  carrier. 


CHAPTER    VI. 

FORMS  USED  IN  SUPERVISING  AND  ADMINISTERING 
THE  DEMURRAGE  AND  STORAGE  SERVICE. 

NOTE.— The  accompanying  blanks  fully  explain  their  purpose  and  how  com- 
piled. They  are  adaptations  of  those  found  to  be  of  practical  utility  and 
are  available  without  any  change  whatever  for  use  by  Car  Service  assoc- 
iations, or  directly,  by  a  railroad  company,  if  it  desires  to  enforce  its 
demurrage  and  storage  charges  through  its  own  officers  and  employes. 

Form  No. 

D-S.  1.  STATION  RECORD  OF  CARS  SUBJECT  TO  CAR 
SERVICE. 

D-S.  2.  AGENT'S  DAILY  REPORT  OF  CARS  RECEIVED, 
ORDEEED,  PLACED  AND  RELEASED. 

D-S.  8.  NOTICE  TO  AGENT  OF  ERRORS  AND  OMIS- 
SIONS IN  HIS  DAILY  CAR  SERVICE  REPORT. 

D-S.    4.     HEADQUARTERS  RECORD  OF  CAR  SERVICE. 

D-S.  5.  AGENT'S  WEEKLY  STATEMENT  OF  CAR  SER- 
VICE CHARGES  COLLECTED. 

D-S.  6.  AGENT'S  MONTHLY  STATEMENT  OF  UNCOL- 
LECTED  CAR  SERVICE  CHARGES. 

D-S.  7.  MONTHLY  STATEMENT  FOR  THE  RAILROAD 
COMPANY  OF  CAR  SERVICE  CHARGES 
CHARGEABLE  AGAINST  ITS  AGENTS. 

D  S.  8.  AUTHORITY  (IN  DUPLICATE)  FOR  AGENT  TO 
REFUND  CAR  SERVICE  CHARGES. 

D-S.  9.  AUTHORITY  TO  CANCEL  CAR  SERVICE 
CHARGES. 

D-S.  10.  AGENT'S  DAILY  REPORT  OF  CHARGES  AS- 
SESSED FOR  STORAGE  OF  FREIGHT. 

D-S.  11.  AGENT'S  WEEKLY  STATEMENT  OF  STORAGE 
CHARGES  COLLECTED. 

D-S.  12.  AGENT'S  MONTHLY  STATEMENT  OF  UNCOL- 
LECTED  STORAGE  CHARGES. 

D-S.  13.  MONTHLY  STATEMENT  FOR  THE  RAILROAD 
COMPANY  OF  STORAGE  CHARGES  CHARGE- 
ABLE TO  ITS  AGENTS. 


'If 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


O-S-2. 

AGENT'S  DAILY  REPORT  OF  CARS  RECEIVED,  ORDERED,  PLACED  AND  RELEASED. 

To  Station  R.  R. 

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ION 

OF  CARS.                          85 

m 

indays).  Monday's  return  will  include  Sunday's  busines 
ter  than  48  hours  after  the  period  for  which  it  is  made. 
1  in  the  'Received'  column  thus:  "X."  In  reporting  ca 
and  time  received,  date  and  time  ordered,  date  and  ti 

ire  detained  by  railroad  company. 

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86  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

D-S-3. 

NOTICE  TO  AGENT  OF  ERRORS  AND  OMISSIONS  IN  HIS 
DAILY  CAR  SERVICE  REPORT. 


_Agent,_ 


On  receipt  of  this  form,  the  agent  will  sign  his  name  thereto  and  return 
the  original  to  the  maker  (retaining  the  duplicate  for  file)  provided  charges 
as  corrected  are  in  accordance  with  the  record.  If  not  correct,  the  original 
and  duplicate  should  be  returned  with  explanation. 


YOUR  DAILY  CAR  SERVICE  REPORT  FOR  CARS  RELE&SED  C  P.  M. 

reads  as  follows: 


IN  CONFORMITY  WITH  THE  CAR  RECORD.  THE  CHARGE 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


87 


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SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

0-S-B. 

AGENT'S  WEEKLY  STATEMENT  OF  CAR  SERVICE 
CHARGES  COLLECTED. 


Station, 

To 


Dear  Sir: 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  car  service  charges  collected  by  me  for 

the  week  ending 19 for R.  R.  Co. 

. Agent. 

Collections  should  not  be  included  until  final  release  of  car. 

NOTE.— This  return  is  necessary  in  writing  up  record  form  4  at  Head- 
quarters. 


FROM  WHOM  COLLECTED 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


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CAR  NO. 

SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  91 

D-S-8. 

AUTHORITY  (IN  DUPLICATE)  FOR   AGENT  TO  REFUND 

CAR  SERVICE  CHARGES. 
ORIGINAL. 

19 

To 


Agent_ 


DKAB  SIR:— 

You  will  please  refund  to_ 


_R.  R.  Co.         Claim  No.. 
Station. 


the  following  amounts  collected  by  you  account  of  car  service  on  cars 
enumerated  below.  Please  be  particular  to  take  receipt  in  duplicate  (on 
forms  herewith),  allowing  no  alteration  or  erasure  to  be  made  thereon.  When 
settlement  has  been  effected,  send  original  receipt  to  the  accounting  officer 
of  your  company  and  the  duplicate  to  this  office,  together  with  all  papers 
connected  with  the  claim. 


CAB                                                CAB  SERVICE 

Number 

Initial 

Amount 
Collected 

Amount  to  be 
Refunded 

RECEIPT. 
Station                                                    19 

Received  of                                                                              Aeent.  the  sum  of 

Dollars,  (t 

) 

in  payment  of  amount  referred  to  in  the  above  statement,  and  in  full  settle- 
ment of  claims  for  the  cars  mentioned. 


I  SCIENCE  OF  RAIL  WA  Y8. 

D-S-9. 
AUTHORITY  TO  CANCEL  CAR  SERVICE  CHARGES. 


To Agent.         Claim  No.. 


_R.  R.  Co Station. 


Dear  Sir: 

You  are  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  cancel  car  service  charges 
assessed  against  the  following  cars  account  of 


NOTE.— You  will  send  this       Yours  truly 

sheet  to  the  accounting  officer       

of  your  company  as  your  au- 
thority   for    canceling    the 


Car 

Number 

Initials 

Amount 
Assessed 

Amount  to 
be  cancel'd 

Date 
Released 

REMARKS 

Claim  No._ 


-R.  R. Station.. 


Dear  Sir:  In  accordance  with  the  authority  contained  in  your  order  of 
19 ,  I  have  this  day  canceled  f 


car  service  charges  mentioned  therein,  and  herewith  return  to  you  all  pa- 
pers connected  with  the  claim. 

. ; Agent. 

NOTJ.— Ageat  will  all  up  tais  form  and  detach  and  forward  as  indicated. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


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SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


:  CHARGES. 

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CHAPTER    VII. 

JOINT  USE  OF  CARS  BY  RAILROADS  AND  THE  SUPER- 
VISORY ACCOUNTING  OCCASIONED  THEREBY. 

The  wide  use  of  cars  in  common  by  the  rail- 
roads of  America  renders  the  duty  of  watching 
over  them  one  requiring  systematic  method  and 
painstaking  care.  In  the  early  days  of  railways 
inter-road  freight  was  rebilled  and,  in  the  main, 
reloaded  at  the  point  where  it  was  to  leave  one 
railroad  for  transportation  on  another.  Now, 
much  of  this  freight  is  billed  through,  the  car  in 
which  it  was  originally  loaded  being  transferred 
to  the  connecting  road,  and  so  on  to  the  final 
destination. 

And  wherever  there  is  a  railroad  of  standard 
gauge  connecting  with  other  roads,  there  we  will 
find  this  community  of  interest,  this  neighborly 
exchange  of  facilities,  this  avoidance  of  delays. 

In  America  no  distance  is  too  great,  no  locality 
too  remote,  it  may  be  said,  not  to  be  visited, 
more  or  less  often,  by  the  cars  of  railroads  at  the 
farthest  extremity  of  the  continent.  Because  of 
this  wise  provision  it  is  as  if  one  company  owned 
all  the  equipment  and  operated  it  in  common  for 
the  general  good.  This  great  convenience  and 
saving  in  time  the  railroad  companies  afford  the 
business  world:  and  thus  they  are  breaking  down 
the  barriers  that  have  existed  between  the  dif- 

(97) 


98  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

ferent  countries,  and  with  them  the  national 
enmities  and  prejudices  that  have  prevailed  in 
the  past.  For  these  cease  to  have  force  when 
those  who  possess  them  discover  the  advantages 
that  attend  free  international  intercourse;  and 
the  fact  that  trade  flows  back  and  forth  across 
our  National  borders  with  unimpeded  freedom — 
so  far  as  carriers  are  concerned — is  abundant 
evidence  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  countries,  to 
the  north  and  south,  find  advantage  as  do  our 
own  people  in  such  interchange  of  commodities. 
And  from  a  merely  sentimental  point,  what 
American's  heart  has  not  beat  the  faster  when, 
in  some  far-off  place,  his  eyes  have  suddenly  been 
gladdened  with  the  sight  of  a  railway  car  that 
comes  from  his  own  neighborhood  and  that  is  as 
familiar  to  him  as  his  doorpost! 

Thus  the  cars  of  standard  roads  intermix,  trav- 
ersing every  part  of  the  continent — and  so  far 
as  the  observer  can  see — seemingly  lost  to  the 
supervision  of  their  owner.  But  as  a  matter  of 
fact,  he,  through  his  officers  never  for  a  moment 
loses  sight  of  his  property,  nor  ceases  to  jealously 
watch  its  whereabouts,  nor,  finally,  fails  to  en- 
force compensation  for  its  use.  Not  only  that, 
but  he  insists  upon  its  being  returned  within  a 
reasonable  time.  The  enforcement  of  this  neces- 
sary procedure  he  entrusts  to  men  experienced 
in  such  matters,  and  it  is  their  duty  to  see  that, 
when  a  car  has  performed  its  allotted  burden, 
it  is  sent  home.  Another  duty,  and  anal- 
ogous to  this,  that  the  owner  of  cars  performs, 
is  that  of  keeping  a  watchful  eye  over  the  cars 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  99 

of  other  companies  that  he  may .  for  the  moment, 
have  on  his  line.  These  he  requires  shall  be  sent 
home  with  all  possible  expedition,  that  the  charge 
for  their  use  and  the  fines  inflicted  for  undue  de- 
tentions, may  not  be  burdensome  or  out  of  pro- 
portion to  the  value  his  company  has  received 
from  the  use  of  the  cars.  In  this  duty,  as  in  that 
of  watching  over  the  cars  of  his  company  on 
other  roads,  the  owner  enlists  the  co-operative 
effort  of  all  his  officers  and  employes  who  are  in 
any  way  charged  with  the  movement  of  cars. 

Two  phases  of  the  subject  present  themselves 
in  connection  with  the  use  of  cars  by  railroads. 
One  the  handling  or  distribution  thereof  as  re- 
quired by  the  needs  of  business ;  the  other,  the 
compiling  of  such  accounts  and  returns  as  may 
be  necessary  to  fix  the  balances  that  railway 
companies  owe  each  other  for  the  joint  use  of 
their  respective  cars. 

On  some  roads  these  duties  are  merged  under 
one  officer ;  but  as  railroads  have  increased  their 
mileage  and  the  number  of  their  cars,  some  of 
them  have  divided  the  work,  placing  the  first 
named  under  an  officer  more  or  less  commonly 
known  as  the  Car  Service  Agent ;  and  the  second 
under  an  official  we  may  call  the  Auditor  of  Car 
Accounts.  This  division  of  work  has  been  made 
for  the  reason  that  the  distribution  of  cars  (plac- 
ing them  where  needed)  is  an  operating  or  exec- 
utive function  requiring  that  the  responsible 
official  shall  keep  himself  actively  informed  of 
the  business  needs  of  the  road  by  being  in  touch 
with  the  forces  responsible  for  its  traffic  and  the 


100  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

expeditious  and  economical  handling  of  the  equip- 
ment in  the  discharge  of  business.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  keeping  of  the  accounts  and  records 
necessary  to  determine  balances  due  to  and  from 
railroads  is  of  a  clerical  nature,  like  all  other 
matters  connected  with  the  Accounting  Depart- 
ment, It  is  the  duty  of  the  official  in  charge  of 
this  work  to  see  that  accurate  account  is  kept 
of  the  cars  interchanged  by  railroads  and  that 
due  compensation  is  rendered  therefor. 

It  is  because  of  the  dissimilarity  of  the  duties 
and  responsibilities  connected  with  the  two 
classes  of  work  that  the  division  of  the  work 
referred  to  above  has  been  made.  For  it  has 
been  found  by  practical  experience  that  an  officer 
especially  qualified  to  attend  to  the  handling  and 
distribution  of  cars  is,  through  temperament  and 
concentration  of  his  mind  in  other  directions, 
oftentimes  not  as  well  qualified  to  look  after  the 
accounts  (bookkeeping)  as  an  officer  schooled  in 
such  matters  and  giving  the  subject  undivided 
attention.  However,  wherever  these  widely  dif- 
ferent qualities  or  capacities  of  mind  and  energy 
are  possessed  by  one  man,  the  division  of  the 
work  as  pointed  out,  will  not  be  so  apparent. 

The  duties  of  the  Car  Service  Agent,  I  have 
endeavored  to  describe  with  some  particularity 
elsewhere.  Those  that  are  or  may  be  assigned 
to  the  Auditor  of  Car  Accounts,  as  above  ex- 
plained, with  the  forms  necessary  to  a  proper 
discharge  of  the  work  are  described  further  on. 
One  of  his  duties,  and  perhaps  the  most  im- 
portant, relates  to  the  keeping  of  the  records 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  101 

and  accounts  of  the  amount  his  company  owes 
to  other  companies  for  the  use  of  their  cars,  and 
vice  versa.  These  I  take  up  first.  And  it  may 
be  said  in  this  connection  that  there  are  two 
bases  of  settlement  for  the  joint  use  of  cars  by 
railroads.  That  based  on  the  mileage  they  make 
on  the  road  using  them ;  and  that  based  on  what 
is  known  as  the  per  diem  system — the  latter  an 
agreement  to  pay  a  stipulated  amount  for  each 
car  each  day  that  it  is  in  the  possession  of  the 
using  company.  The  first  method  has  been 
largely  supplanted  in  America  by  the  second. 
This  because  under  the  first  named,  due  respon- 
sibility cannot  bs  fixed  nor  active  effort  be 
assured,  on  the  part  of  the  using  company,  that 
it  will  return  the  car  at  the  earliest  practicable 
moment.  Of  the  mileage  system,  too,  a  belief 
or  suspicion  sometimes  arises — not  well  founded 
perhaps — as  to  whether  the  using  company  is 
always  careful  to  report  the  full  mileage  made ; 
also  doubt  as  to  whether  the  system  of  accounts 
necessary  to  secure  full  returns  is  as  comprehen- 
sive and  as  rigidly  enforced  as  it  should  be. 
Moreover  as  a  company  under  that  method  of 
compensation,  does  not  have  to  pay  for  the  use 
of  a  car  except  on  the  basis  of  mileage — i.  e., 
when  it  is  in  active  use — it  follows  that  there  is 
no  particular  urgency  on  the  part  of  the  using 
company  to  return  it  to  the  owner  when  idle ; 
and  when  local  business  presses  foreign  cars  are, 
as  a  matter  of  convenience  and  excusable  thrift, 
allowed  to  lie  on  the  sidings  awaiting  a  more  con- 
venient season  to  be  returned  to  the  owner.  The 


102  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

mileage  system,  while  admirable  in  theory,  and 
also  in  practice  in  many  particulars,  does  not,  it 
is  apparent,  adequately  protect  the  owner  of  cars 
in  use  by  other  companies.  And  it  is  no  justifi- 
cation of  the  system  to  say  that  all  companies 
being  equally  lax,  equally  neglectful  in  handling 
the  cars  of  other  companies,  the  owner  is  pro- 
tected because  of  the  uniformity  of  the  practice — 
in  other  words  he  being  as  negligent  in  handling 
the  cars  of  other  roads  as  they  are  in  handling 
his,  the  loss  is  in  that  way  made  good.* 

In  introducing  the  Per  Diem  system  covering 
the  joint  use  of  cars,  the  rate  agreed  upon,  (of 
20c  per  day  to  be  paid  to  the  owner  of  the  car,) 
it  is  unnecessary  to  say  was  not  entirely  satis- 
factory. Each  company  was  governed  in  the 
matter  wholly,  of  course,  by  self  interest — by  its 
environment.  Some  claimed  the  rate  was  too 
low,  others  that  it  was  too  high.  And  it  is,  per- 
haps, not  too  much  to  say  that  no  rate  that  ever 
will  be  agreed  upon  will  be  entirely  satisfactory. 
Some  will  think  it  is  excessive,  others  the  re- 
verse. And  the  same  may  be  said  in  regard  to 
the  rates — some  of  which  are  particularized 
herein — for  the  use  of  trains,  locomotives,  tracks, 
fines  for  holding  cars,  and  so  on.  And  because  of 
this  they  are  not  given  herein  as  authoritative  or 
likely  to  be  permanent.  They  are  intended  to  be 

*  More  particular  reference  to  the  mileage  basis  as  a  method 
of  settlement  between  railroads  for  the  joint  use  of  cars,  is 
referred  to  in  another  volume  of  the  "Science  of  Railways." 
While  other  methods  that  may  be  enforced  with  greater  surety 
will  be  adopted  more  or  less  generally  as  a  substitute  for  the 
mileage  basis,  it  will,  nevertheless,  always  be  in  some  favor. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  103 

illustrative  merely;  to  approximately  represent 
what  carriers,  under  certain  normal  conditions, 
may  agree  among  themselves  to  pay  for  certain 
privileges,  rights  and  usages. 

This  is  also  true,  too,  of  any  rates  that  may  be 
agreed  upon  between  companies  in  regard  to 
compensation  for  handling  engines,  trains,  crews, 
and  loaded  and  empty  cars,  belonging  to  other 
companies.  Like  all  other  things  they  are  ad- 
justed to  meet  conditions;  to  conform  to  the  law 
of  demand  and  supply.  Such  being  the  case  it 
will  be  understood,  therefore,  that  wherever 
specific  figures  are  used  herein,  they  are  intended 
to  be  illustrative  rather  than  fundamental. 

A  necessary  feature  of  great  interest  in  con- 
nection with  the  supervision  of  cars,  that  I  may 
mention  before  proceeding,  is  the  preservation  of 
the  history  of  each  car;  the  time  it  was  built, 
when  destroyed,  when  replaced,  and  other  par- 
ticulars regarding  its  character.  The  accom- 
panying form  has  been  found  to  answer  the  pur- 
pose of  a  record.  It  may  be  called  an 


104 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


J,     1 

a«o| 


Wh 
Destr 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  105^ 

This  record  contains  the  history  of  every  car 
owned  by  a  company.  It  is  valuable  for  purpose 
of  reference,  and  the  officer  who  has  it  in  charge 
is  notified,  without  delay,  both  of  the  building 
and  destruction  of  cars.  And  naturally  it  is  to 
him  that  the  superintendent  of  cars  will  go  when 
he  wishes  to  number  a  car  or  group  of  cars;  for 
only  the  keeper  of  the  record  has  knowledge  of 
the  vacant  numbers  available  for  such  use. 

The  accounting  connected  with  the  joint  use 
of  cars,  because  of  the  wide  territory  they  trav- 
erse and  the  great  number  of  vehicles  thus  em- 
ployed, requires  minute  and  comprehensive  over- 
sight. Methods  must  be  such  as  to  follow  the 
car  day  by  day  to  see  that  the  amount  justly  due 
the  owner  is  made  a  matter  of  record  and  finally 
accounted  for.  The  report  (monthly  settlement 
account)  of  a  company  for  such  use  of  cars  is, 
for  the  moment  accepted,  as  correct  and  the  bal- 
ance between  the  two  roads  concerned  is  struck 
on  that  basis.  But  afterwards  the  statement  is 
carefully  scrutinized,  item  by  item,  and  in  the 
event  of  any  error  or  omission,  the  company 
rendering  the  report  is  duly  notified  and  re- 
quested to  add  to  or  deduct  from  its  next  report 
the  amount  of  the  mistake.  The  reports  thus 
passed  between  companies,  with  other  exchanges 
concerning  details,  afford  all  the  information 
necessary  to  a  proper  supervision  of  the  work 
from  day  to  day,  and  finally  a  correct  audit  of  the 
accounts  at  the  end  of  the  month.  When  the 
balance  for  or  against  a  company  is  ascertained, 
it  is  certified  to  the  proper  official  for  final  set- 


106  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

tlenient  and  thus  a  balance  is  struck  and  the 
creditor  company  draws,  without  notice,  for  the 
balance  due  it.  In  respect  of  this  it  does  not 
matter  whether  the  accounts  are  arrived  at  on  a 
mileage  or  per  diem  basis.  Whatever  amount 
a  company  owes  the  other,  including  penalties 
and  rebates  (called  reclaims),  is  included  in  the 
monthly  statement,  and  forms  a  part  of  the  bal- 
ance drawn  for. 

The  work  of  compiling  and  auditing  these  re- 
turns falls  to  the  Auditor  of  Car  Accounts  and  it 
is  he  who  certifies  the  balances  for  settlement 
between  the  companies.  And  as  the  method  of 
settlement  in  America,  for  the  joint  use  of  cars, 
will  be  based  more  or  less  generally  on  the  per 
diem  system,  particulars  concerning  such  method 
are  at  once  interesting  and  of  common  use  to  all 
having  anything  to  do  with  railway  equipment 
or  accounts.  The  details  connected  with  the 
system  may  properly  be  prefaced  by  explaining 
the  few  and  simple  definitions  that  have  been 
agreed,  upon  in  the  technical  nomenclature  of 
the  system.  Thus,  in  returns  and  correspon- 
dence in  reference  to  the  joint  use  of  cars  the 
term 

Home  Car— Is  everywhere  understood  to  mean  a  car  on  the  road 
to  which  it  belongs. 

Foreign  Car— A  car  ou  a  road  to  which  it  does  not  belong. 

Private  Car— A  car  having  other  than  railroad  ownership. 

Home— A  location  where  a  car  is  in  the  hands  of  its  owner. 

Home  Road— The  road  which  owns  a  car,  or  upon  which  the 
home  of  a  private  car  is  located. 

Home  Route— The  line  of  intermediate  roads  over  which  a  for- 
eign car  was  moved  from  home. 

Home  Junction — A  junction  with  the  home  road. 

Home  Route  Junction — A  junctio*n  on  the  home  route. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  107 

Switching  Service— The  movement  of  a  car  (by  another  com- 
pany) that  is  to  be  loaded  or  unloaded;  also  the  movement 
of  a  car  between  railroads — all  within  designated  switching 
limits— for  which  a  charge  is  made  against  the  road  per- 
forming the  service  — such  road  not  participating  in  the 
earnings  that  accrue  from  transporting  the  freight,  but  de- 
riving a  revenue  from  the  switching  service  it  performs. 

The  rates  enforced  in  connection  with  the  per 
diem  system,  like  all  regulations  regarding  the 
interchange  of  equipment  and  traffic  between 
railroads,  will  be  changed,  as  already  pointed 
out,  from  time  to  time — or  abrogated  entirely — 
according  to  the  interest  of  the  companies  inter- 
ested. But  the  rules  and  regulations — or  formu- 
las— governing  the  business,  like  all  such  regu- 
lations, can  never  vary  greatly.  Indeed,  they 
must  of  necessity  be  substantially  the  same. 
For  that  reason  the  methods  devised  by  the  rail- 
road companies  interested,  governing  the  en- 
forcement of  the  per  diem  system,  given  below, 
will  always  be  interesting  and,  in  the  main, 
accurate. 

The  following  are  the  provisions  in  question, 
omitting  the  rates  which,  as  we  know,  will  ever 
be  a  changeable  quantity  : 

REGULATIONS  GOVERNING  SETTLEMENTS  BETWEEN 
RAILWAY  COMPANIES,  FOB  THE  JOINT  USE  oif 
FREIGHT  CARS,  ON  THE  PER  DIEM  BASIS. 

1.  The  rate  for  the  use  of  freight  cars  shall 
be  —  cents  per  car  per  day,  which  shall  be  paid 
for  every  calendar  day,  and  shall  be  known  as 
the  per  diem  rate. 


108  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

2.  Days  shall  be  reckoned  by  subtracting  the 
date  of  receipt  from  the  date  of  delivery.     The 
day  of  receipt  shall  be  disregarded,  and  payment 
made  for  day  of  delivery. 

A  road  receiving  and  delivering  a  car  on  the 
same  date  shall  not  pay  the  per  diem  for  that 
day. 

3.  A  road  shall  have  the  right  to  demand  the 
return  of  its  car  after  it  has  been  twenty  days 
consecutively  on  any  road.     If  the  car  is  held  by 
that  road  more  than  ten  days  after  the  date  of 
such  notice — on  the  prescribed  form — making 
thirty  days  in  all,  thereafter  a  penalty  rate  of 
—  cents  per  day  in  addition  to  the  per  diem  rate 
shall  be  paid  by  such  road  for  the  further  use  of 
that  car. 

4.  All  railroads,  including  ferry  lines,  shall 
be  responsible  to  the  car  owner  for  amounts 
accruing  for  the  use  of  a  car  at  the  established 
rates,  whether  such  car  is  in  road  service  or 
switching  service,  until  the  car  has  been  delivered 
to  the  owner  or  to  another  road. 

5.  An  arbitrary  amount  (previously  agreed 
upon)  for  each  car  in  switching  service — held  be- 
yond a  stipulated  time — may  be   "reclaimed" 
(exacted)  by  the  switching  line,  from  the  road 
for  which  the    service    was    performed.      The 
amount  is  based  upon  the  average  number  of 
days  actually  required  to  perform  the  service,  as 
agreed  upon  beforehand  by  the  roads  directly 
interested,  for  the  territory  in  question.     (See 
definition  of  "Switching  Service.") 

6.  Cars  shall  be  considered  as  having  been 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  109 

delivered  to  a  connecting  railroad '  when  placed 
upon  the  track  agreed  upon  and  designated  as 
the  interchange  track  for  such  deliveries — ac- 
companied or  preceded  by  proper  data  for  for- 
warding— and  accepted  by  the  car  inspector  of 
the  receiving  road.  Unless  otherwise  arranged 
between  the  roads  concerned,  the  receiving  road 
shall  be  responsible  for  the  cars,  contents  and 
per  diem,  after  receipt  of  the  proper  data  for 
forwarding  and  until  they  have  been  accepted  by 
its  inspector  or  returned  to  the  delivering  road. 

7.  In  case  a  road  delivers  an  empty  foreign 
car  without  the  consent  of  the  owner  to  a  road 
which  does  not  pay  per  diem — or  if  a  road  per- 
mits the  loading  or  re-consigning  of  a  foreign  car 
without  the  consent  of  the  owner  to  such  a  road 
— it  shall  be  responsible  to  the  owner  for  the 
payment  of  an  amount  equal  to  the  per  diem 
accruing  on  the  car  while  on  such  road. 

8.  When  home  route  cards  have  been  re- 
quested under  the  master  car  builders'  rules,  the 
per  diem  shall  cease  from  the  date  of  request  to 
owner. 

When  a  car  has  been  destroyed  and  reported 
under  the  master  car  builders'  rules  the  per  diem 
shall  cease  from  the  date  of  notice  to  owner. 

9.  When  a  car  is  detained  awaiting  receipt 
of  repair  material  from  its  owner,  the  per  diem 
shall  cease  from  the  date  the  necessary  material 
is  ordered  from  the  owner  until  the  date  when 
it  is  received  by  the  road  holding  the  car. 

10.  Interchange  reports  shall   close  at  mid- 
night and  shall  include  all  cars  exchanged  upon 


110  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

the  date  named  unless  otherwise  noted  thereon. 
The  report  must  be  sent  to  the  car  record  office 
on  each  day  whether  cars  are  exchanged  or  not. 

In  cases  where  there  are  different  standards  of 
time  at  junction  points  the  time  of  the  more 
easterly  reckoning  shall  be  used. 

The  interchange  reports  to  the  car  record 
office  from  junction  points  must  be  signed  by  the 
agents  or  other  authorized  representatives  of  both 
roads  on  the  prescribed  form,  the  receipt  of  cars 
delivered  being  thereby  acknowledged.  Car  ser- 
vice rule  five  (given  above)  governs  the  delivery 
of  cars.  The  time  of  delivery  of  cars  upon  inter- 
change tracks  of  connecting  lines  shall,  prima 
facie,  be  the  time  given  by  the  delivering  road. 

11.  The  junction  report  for  each  day  will  be 
made  to   car  owners  on  the    prescribed   form 
(C.  A.  4)  as  promptly  as  possible  after  the  receipt 
of  the  interchange  report  for  that  day. 

12.  Within  80  days  after  the  end  of  each 
calendar  month,  car  owners  shall  be  furnished 
with  a  per  diem  report  for  that  month,  on  the 
prescribed  form,  showing  the  number  of  days 
each  car  has  been  in  service  upon  the  road  mak- 
ing the  report. 

13.  The  settlement  of  amounts  accruing  for 
the  use  of  cars  and  "reclaims,"  (rebates)  under 
rule  five,  shall  be  made  monthly  without  regard 
to  reclaims  pending  under  rules  13,  14,  and  15. 

14.  When  reclaims  are  made  for  allowances, 
under  rules  14  and  15,  or  on  account  of  special 
conditions  they  must  be  made  by  the  designated 
transportation  officer  of  the  road  which  pays  the 


SUPERVISION  OF  CAMS.  Ill 

per  diem  to  the  designated  transportation  officer 
of  the  road  from  which  the  allowance  is  reclaimed. 

15.  A  road  failing  to  receive  promptly  from 
a  connection  cars  upon  which  it  has  laid  no  em- 
bargo, shall  be  responsible  to  the  connection  for 
the  per  diem  on  cars  held  for  delivery,  including 
the  home  cars  of  such  connection. 

If  such  failure  to  receive  shall  continue  for 
more  than  three  days,  the  delinquent  line  shall 
thereafter  in  addition  be  responsible  for  the  per 
diem  on  all  cars  wherever  in  transit  which  are 
thus  held  back  for  delivery. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  a  connecting  road  in- 
tending to  reclaim  such  per  diem  allowance  to 
notify  the  delinquent  line  daily  of  the  total  num- 
ber of  cars  so  held  for  it,  and — when  required — 
to  furnish  the  initials  and  numbers  of  the  cars. 

16.  When  a  road  gives  notice  to  a  connec- 
tion that  for  any  reason  it  cannot  accept  cars  in 
any  specified  traffic,  thereby  instituting  an  em- 
bargo, it  should  receive  cars  already  loaded  with 
such  traffic  at  the  time  such  notice  is  issued.     If 
it  does  not  receive  such  cars  the  road  holding 
them  may  reclaim  per  diem  from  the  road  plac- 
ing the  embargo  for  the  number  of  days  such 
cars  are  held  not  exceeding  the  duration  of  the 
embargo. 

After  the  date  of  the  notice  a  road  must  not 
load  or  reconsign  cars  in  such  traffic  to  the  road 
issuing  the  notice. 

All  such  notices  must  be  given  by  telegraph, 
by  the  embargoing  road,  to  its  immediate  con- 


112  SCIENCE  OF  RAIL  F,  ATS. 

nection  and  by  it  transmitted  as  may  be  neces- 
sary. 

17.  These  rules  do  not  apply  to  private  cars. 

18.  To  interpret  the  foregoing  rules,  and  to 
settle  disputes  arising  under  them,  an  arbitration 
committee  of  five  'members  (of  the  association 
having  the  regulation  of  such  matters)  shall  be 
appointed    by    the   committee  on  car  service. 
Three  members  of  the  arbitration  committee 
shall  be  a  quorum. 

In  case  any  question  or  dispute  arises  under 
these  rules,  it  may  be  submitted,  in  abstract,  to 
the  arbitration  committee  through  the  secretary 
of  the  association.  The  abstract  shall  briefly  set 
forth  the  points  at  issue  and  each  party's  inter- 
pretation of  the  rules  upon  which  its  claim  is 
based.  The  arbitration  committee  shall  base  its 
decisions  upon  the  rules  and  the  abstract  sub- 
mitted, and  its  decision  shall  be  final.  Should 
one  of  the  parties  refuse  to  furnish  the  necessary 
information,  the  arbitration  committee  shall  use 
its  judgment  as  to  whether  it  can  properly  de- 
cide. All  decisions  shall  be  reported  to  the  asso- 
ciation through  the  committee  on  car  service. 

In  case  a  question  shall  arise  not  covered  by 
the  rules,  the  roads  disagreeing  may  by  mutual 
consent  submit  such  questions  to  the  arbitration 
committee. 

The  committee  on  car  service  may  appoint  a 
Secretary  for  the  arbitration  committee  who 
shall  be  paid  by  the  association.  The  other  ex- 
penses of  the  arbitration  committee  shall  be 
equally  divided  between  each  of  the  parties  to 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  113 

the  dispute  and  the  association.  The  minimum 
charge  to  each  road  shall  be  $ — ,  payable  in  ad- 
vance. The  expenses  shall  be  first  paid  by  the 
association  and  then  billed  (charged)  to  the  par- 
ties concerned  by  the  Treasurer  of  the  association. 


Analogous  to  the  per  diem  regulations  the  fol- 
lowing, quoted  literally  in  the  main,  from  pro- 
mulgated rules  and  regulations,  are  in  more  or 
less  general  use  among  railroads,  viz.: 

Rates  per  train  mile  (charges  therefor)  for 
trains  using  other  lines  in  avoiding  washouts  or 
other  obstructions,  are  in  effect  as  follows — for 
actual  mileage  used: 

Fifty  cents  per  train  mile  for  either  a  passen- 
ger or  freight  train  handled  by  its  own  engine 
and  crew ;  also  actual  cost  of  pilotage,  fuel,  and 
incidental  supplies  furnished,  plus  ten  per  cent.; 
also  water  at  rate  of  fifty  cents  per  tank.  In 
case  the  engine  and  crew  are  furnished  by  the 
company  whose  track  is  used,  the  rate  is  one 
dollar  per  train  mile,  in  lieu  of  all  other  charges. 

The  road  for  which  the  train  is  detoured  shall 
also  pay  the  regular  per  diem  and  mileage  to  the 
owners  of  the  cars  in  the  train — including  the 
road  owning  the  track,  if  any  of  its  cars  are  in 
the  detoured  train.  The  mileage  charge  shall 
be  based  on  the  actual  distance  over  the  detoured 
route. 

The  following  are  the  rates  for  use  of  passen- 
ger equipment: 

The  rate  for  coaches,  dining  cars,  chair  cars,  parlor  cars, 
combined  passenger  cars  and  postal  cars,  is  3  cents  per  mile  for 


114  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

the  actual  distance;  for  baggage,  express,  mail  storage,  com- 
bined baggage-express,  combined  baggage-mail,  and  combined 
baggage  mail-express  cars  the  rate  is  1>^  cents  per  mile  for  the 
actual  distance.  These  rates  to  apply  when  the  owners  of  the 
cars  participate  in  the  business  but  not  when  the  cars  are  hired 
to  other  lines. 

The  per  diem  rate  for  coaches,  dining  cars,  chair  cars,  parlor 
cars,  combined  passenger  cars  and  postal  cars,  hired  at  other 
than  mileage  rates,  is  five  dollars  per  day;  for  baggage,  express, 
mail  storage,  combined  baggage-express,  combined  baggage- 
mail,  and  combined  baggage-mail-express  cars,  the  rate  is  three 
dollars  per  day. 

NOTE. — These  rates  are  merely  illustrative,  it  will  be  understood,  although 
more  or  less  in  general  use. 

When  a  per  diem  rate  is  charged  for  the  use  of 
passenger  equipment,  as  provided  for  above,  the 
total  n umber  of  hours  of  all  cars  of  the  same 
class  is  calculated  on  a  basis  of  twenty-four  hours 
for  each  day  and  the  charge  made  accordingly; 
any  fraction  of  a  day  over  the  aggregate  number 
of  days  of  twenty-four  hours  each  is  counted  as 
one  day — it  being  understood  that  the  minimum 
charge  is  one  day  for  each  car. 

When  necessary  to  haul  cars  empty  over  the 
roads  owning  them,  or  intermediate  roads  for 
delivery  to  the  borrowing  roads  (by  borrowing 
roads  is  meant  the  roads  that  have  made  a  re- 
quisition for  the  cars)  the  tariff  rate  for  such 
cars  is  charged  the  borrowing  roads  for  hauling 
the  cars  from  the  points  where  they  left  service 
to  the  points  of  connection  with  the  borrowing 
roads  and  return. 

NOTE.— The  charge  that  shall  be  made  for  the  empty  haul  is  a  matter  of 
agreement  between  the  companies  interested. 

It  is  also  a  general  rule — more  or  less  ob- 
served— that  the  car  service  charge  for  delay  in 
loading  or  unloading  a  freight  car  shall  be  one 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  115 

dollar  a  day  after  forty-eight  hours  from  the 
time  of  delivery  of  the  car  for  loading  or  unload- 
ing (not  including  Sundays  or  legal  holidays) 
except  where  rates  are  fixed  by  Statute  or  local 
agreements.  Proper  notice  shall  also  be  made 
in  bills  of  lading,  tariffs  and  freight  bills,  notify- 
ing shippers  and  consignees  of  the  charge. 
Charges  for  delay  of  cars  shall  not  be  refunded 
except  on  the  approval  of  the  transportation 
officer  designated  by  each  road.  At  points  where 
neighborhood  agreements  are  in  force,  however, 
such  regulations  shall  prevail  as  may  have  been 
prescribed  by  the  companies  interested. 


CHAPTER    VIII. 

FORMS    USED   BY   AUDITOR  OF  CAR   ACCOUNTS. 
LIST  OF  SAME. 

In  reference  to  the  forms  contained  herein 
they  are  intended  rather  as  illustrative  of  general 
needs  than  to  arbitrarily  fix  their  number  or 
specific  details.  Thus,  those  recounting  the 
movement  of  equipment  and  traffic  may  be  ex- 
tended to  the  utmost  limit  of  statistical  data,  or 
may  be  reduced  to  the  minimum,  or  struck  out 
entirely.  It  is  merely  a  question  of  the  needs 
of  a  railroad  company. 

And  in  regard  to  the  particular  form  that  shall 
be  used  in  collecting  or  disseminating  fundamen- 
tal information  that,  too,  is  not  a  matter  of  great 
consequence  but  of  local  habit  and  preference. 
It  is  noticeable,  however,  in  practice  that  a  form 
in  use  by  one  company  (and  esteemed  perfect) 
may  have  been  greatly  improved  through  the  in- 
genuity and  skill  of  the  officers  of  another  com- 
pany. And  it  is  fortunate  that  this  is  so,  as  one 
company  is  thus,  finally,  able  to  profit  by  the 
better  practices  of  another. 

The  accompanying  forms  are  like  all  railway 
exhibits — the  eyes  (in  a  measure)  through  which 
those  in  charge  see  the  operations  they  are  in- 
terested in  and  so  better  able  to  supervise  and 
record  them.  That  is  the  great  purpose  of  such 

(117) 


118  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

returns.  There  is  nothing  sacred  about  them. 
What  is  desired  is  that  the  best  should  prevail, 
because  the  best  serves  best  to  secure  effective 
service  and  economy  of  clerical  work  and  sta- 
tionery. 

Form  No. 

C.  A.  1.  INTERCHANGE  SLIP  (EECOED)  OF  CAES  DE- 
LIVERED BY  THE  RAILROAD  MAKING  THE 
RETURN.  "A" 

C.  A.  2.  DAILY  INTERCHANGE  REPORT  OF  CARS  DE- 
LIVERED TO  CONNECTING  ROAD.  "  B  " 

C.  A.  3.  DAILY  INTERCHANGE  REPORT  OF  CARS  RE- 
CEIVED FROM  CONNECTING  ROAD.  "  C  " 

C.  A.  4.  REPORT  (POSTAL  CARD)  TO  OWNERS  OF  DE- 
LIVERY OF  THEIR  CARS  TO  OTHER  ROADS. 
"D" 

C.  A.  5.  CORRECTION  REPORT.  NOTICE  OF  ERRORS  IN 
REPORT  (FORM  C.  A.  4.  "D")  OF  DELIVERY 
OF  FOREIGN  CARS.  "  E  " 

C.  A.  6.  MISSING  RECORD  REPORT.  OWNER'S  RE- 
QUEST UPON  OTHER  COMPANIES  FOR  MISS- 
ING RECORD  OF  ITS  CARS.  "  F  " 

C.  A.  7.  PER  DIEM  REPORT.  MONTHLY  REPORT  (TO 
OWNERS  OF  CARS)  OF  PER  DIEM  AND  PEN- 
ALTY CREDITS  ACCRUING  ACCOUNT  OF  SUCH 
CARS.  "G" 

c.  A.   s.  "MONTHLY   SUMMARY   OF  PER   DIEM   AND 

OTHER  CREDITS  FOR  USE  OF  FREIGHT  AND 
OTHER  CARS.  "H" 

C.  A.  9.  MONTHLY  STATEMENT  OF  CORRECTIONS  AND 
OMISSIONS  IN  ACCOUNT  RENDERED  OF  PER 
DIEM  AND  OTHER  CREDITS.  "I" 

C.  A.  10.  PER  DIEM  RECLAIM  STATEMENT.  MONTHLY 
STATEMENT  OF  RECLAIM  (ABATEMENT  OF 
CHARGES  CLAIMED)  BY  COMPANY  SWITCH- 
ING (AND  USING)  THE  CARS.  "J" 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  119 

Form  No. 

C.  A.  11.  LETTEE  OF  ADVICE  ACCOMPANYING  KECLAIM 
(FOKM  C.  A.  10  "J")  STATEMENT.  "K" 

C.  A.  12.  PENALTY  NOTICE.  OWNER'S  NOTICE  TO  CON- 
NECTING ROAD  OF  PENALTY  TO  BE 
CHARGED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN  ITS 
CARS.  "L" 

C.  A.  13 

C.  A.  14.  STATEMENT  SHOWING  THE  TOTAL  TONNAGE 
CAPACITY  OF  FREIGHT  CARS  IN  THE  SERV- 
ICE ON  THE  LAST  DAY  OF  THE  MONTH,  AS 
COMPARED  WITH  THE  PREVIOUS  MONTH: 
THE  NUMBER  OF  CARS  AND  THE  TONNAGE 
CAPACITY  THEREOF  RETIRED  AND  RE- 
PLACED DURING  THE  MONTH  AND  THE 
NUMBER  OF  CARS  DESTROYED  TO  BE  RE- 
BUILT. 

C.  A.  15.  COMPARATIVE  (MONTHLY)  STATEMENT  OF 
PASSENGER  AND  FREIGHT  TRAIN  AND  CAR 
MOVEMENT. 

C.  A.  16.  STATEMENT  TO  OWNER  OF  THE  NUMBER  OF 
MILES  RUN  BY  ITS  PASSENGER  EQUIPMENT 
ON  THE  LINE  OF  A  FOREIGN  ROAD. 

C.  A.  17.  DIVISION  SUPERINTENDENT'S  ADVICE  OF 
TRAINS  MOVED. 

C.  A.  18.  CONDUCTOR 'S  REPORT  OF  FREIGHT  TRAIN. 

C.  A.  19.  THE  LOCAL  FREIGHT  CAR  RECORD. 

C.  A.  20.  FOREIGN  FREIGHT  CAR  RECORD. 

C.  A.  21.  RECORD  OF  SWITCHING  RECLAIMS. 

C.  A.  22.  NOTICE  TO  PAYING  OFFICER  OF  AMOUNT  OF 
PER  DIEM  AND  CAR  MILEAGE  CHARGES  DUE' 
OTHER  ROADS. 

C.  A.  23.  MONTHLY  STATEMENT  OF  FREIGHT  TRAIN 
SERVICE  AND  MILEAGE  OF  FREIGHT  CARS. 

C.  A.  24.  MONTHLY  STATEMENT  OF  PASSENGER  TRAIN 
SERVICE  AND  MILEAGE  OF  PASSENGER 
TRAIN  CARS. 


120  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  A.  1.  ("A") 

INTERCHANGE  SLIP  (RECORD)  OF  CARS  DELIVERED. 

This  form  is  used  only  at  terminals  where  the 
interchange  of  equipment  is  large  ;  in  other  cases 
form  C.  A.  2  suffices.  Receipts  are  given  from 
hour  to  hour  as  engineers  deliver  cars  to  the 
receiving  road.  The  use  of  these  slips  enables 
each  company  to  make  up  its  daily  interchange 
reports  to  the  auditor  car  accounts,  on  forms 
C.  A.  2  and  C.  A.  3  given  elsewhere  herein. 

The  use  of  this  slip  is  emphasized  more  par- 
ticularly at  interchange  points  where  the  repre- 
sentatives of  connecting  lines  are  not  in  immedi- 
ate touch  with  each  other. 


SUPERVISION  OF  GARS.  121 

C.A.I.  ("A") 

INTERCHANGE  SLIP  (RECORD)  OF  CARS  DELIVERED  BY 


(Give  hour,  A.  M.  or  P.  M.) 

(Name  of  employe  i 


Engine  No. 

charge  of  delivery.) 


Station 

19 

X  Loaded.  —  Empty. 

This  form  and  a  carbon  copy  thereof  is  to  be  filled  up  for  each  "cut"  of 
cars  delivered  to  a  connecting  road.  (By  "Cut"  is  meant  cars  taken  from 
one  freight  yard  to  another  by  an  engine  without  a  train  conductor.)  De- 
liveries to  different  lines  must  not  be  included  on  the  same  slip.  This  form 
is  to  be  filled  up  and  a  copy  made  before  leaving  the  yards  of  this  Company. 
It  must  be  signed  by  the  proper  representative,  leaving  vacant  the  time  of 
delivery,  which  will  be  filled  in  on  reaching  the  delivery  tracks  of  the  connect- 
ing road.  The  signatures  of  the  representative  authorized  to  sign  for  that 
road  must  be  obtained.  One  copy  of  this  slip  will  be  left  with  the  connect- 
ing road  and  the  other  returned  to  the  agent  of  the  delivering  road. 

This  report  should  show  whether  cars  are  loaded  or  Empty,  X  being  used 
for  loaded  and  —  for  empty  cars. 

These  slips  must  be  preserved  for  production  as  evidence  If  accuracy 
should  be  subsequently  disputed. 


INITIAia 

KIND 
OF  CAR 

NUMBER 

X 

CHECK 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

it 

25 

Certified  correct: 


Certified  correct: 


122  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


Cars  "Delivered"  C.  A.  2  ("B"). 
Cars  "  Received  "C.  A.  3("C"). 

REPORT  OF  INTERCHANGE  OP  FREIGHT  CARS  "DE- 
LIVERED" TO  OTHER  LINES. 

This  form  is  filled  up  in  triplicate.  It 
is  used  by  agents  at  Junction  stations  for  report- 
ing both  home  and  foreign  cars  delivered  to  a 
connecting  road. 

The  agent  of  the  delivering  road  should  sign 
both  the  original  and  copies  and  send  same 
to  the  agent  of  the  receiving  road  for  his 
signature.  This  report  is  used  by  the  Auditor  of 
Car  Accounts  in  entering  the  movements  of  cars 
in  the  car  record,  and  also  for  checking  the  per 
diem  accounts.  The  agent  should  send  the  origi- 
nal of  this  report  to  the  Auditor  of  Car  Accounts 
and  a  (carbon)  copy  to  the  Car  Service  Agent, 
retaining  the  second  copy  for  his  own  use. 


REPORT  OF  INTERCHANGE  OF  FREIGHT  CARS  "RE- 
CEIVED" FROM  OTHER  LINES. 

This  is  a  report  for  "Cars  Received"  and  is  pre- 
cisely like  that  described  above,  except  that  it 
reads  cars  "Received  from"  connecting  roads. 
The  rules  governing  its  use  are  of  the  same  gen- 
eral tenor  as  those  prescribed  for  cars  delivered 
connecting  roads. 

These  forms  are  the  ones  used  in  recording  and 
distributing  cars  by  the  Car  Service  Agent.  See 
Form  C.  S.  4.  The  original  reports  in  question 
are  used  by  the  Car  Service  Agent,  and  the  dupli- 
cates by  the  Auditor  of  Car  Accounts  in  his  work. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 

C.A.2. 

REPORT  OF  INTERCHANGE  OF  FREIGHT 
CARS  WITH  OTHER  LINES. 

_Statlon,  No. 


DAILY  INTERCHANGE  REPORT  OF  CARS  DELIVERED  TO_ 
X  Loaded,    -p-,-,™  •»*•     «. 

—  Empty.     From M--  t 


-19 


INITIALS 

E 

u 

NUMBER 

X 

| 

^OIM'OF 
SHIP- 
MENT 

FINAL, 
DESTI- 
NATION 

CON- 
TENTS 

De°Hv- 
ered 

' 

2 

3 

4 

u 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

8 

4 

5 

0 

7 
8 

U 
10 

11 

13 

13 

14 

15 

10 

17 

IS 

19 

20 

'<!! 

22 

L'3 

20 

28 
29 

30 
" 

D, 

B8 

34 

35 

M 

87 
oo 

PC 

bO 

40 

41 

43 

44 

45 

M 

47 

48 

40 

•0 

I  certify  that  these  cars  were  received  as  above. 
/  Agent 


.Agent. 


124  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  A.  4  ("D"). 

JUNCTION   REPORT   OF    CARS  DELIVERED  TO  CON- 
NECTING ROAD. 

This  form  is  used  in  reporting  to  owners  the 
delivery  of  their  cars  to  another  road — i.  e.,  when 
one  company  delivers  to  another  company  the 
cars  of  still  another  company.  It  is  printed  on 
a  postal  card  or  card  of  the  same  size. 

The  auditor  of  car  accounts  receives  from 
junction  agents  reports  of  all  cars  delivered  to 
connecting  roads — see  report  form  C.  A.  2 — . 
Afterwards  he  advises  the  owners  of  the  cars  (on 
this  form  C.  A.  4)  of  the  name  of  the  road  to 
which  any  of  their  cars  may  have  been  delivered. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  125 

C.  A.  4  ("D"> 

REPORT  (POSTAL  CARD)  TO  OWNERS  OF  DELIVERY  OF  THEIR 
CARS  TO  OTHER  ROADS. 

JUNCTION  REPORT  OF  CARS  DELIVERED  TO  CON- 
NECTING ROAD. 


On 


.19 


X  Loaded.    —Empty. 


(Printed  signature) 

(Title  of  officer) 

(Address) 


CAR 


DELIVERED  TO 

(Pull  Initials) 


126  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.A.5("E") 

CORRECTION  REPORT — NOTICE  OF  ERRORS  IN  RE- 
PORT (FORM  C.  A.  4)  OF  DELIVERY  OF  FOR- 
EIGN CARS. 

This  form  is  used  by  the  company  owning 
the  car  for  the  purpose  of  securing  correc- 
tion of  error  or  omission  in  junction  report, 
form  C.  A.  4.  If  the  company  owning  the  car 
discovers  in  writing  up  its  car  records  that  an 
error  has  been  made  by  the  road  reporting  the 
delivery  of  the  car  to  a  connection,  it  secures  an 
explanation — and  correction — by  the  use  of  this 
blank. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  127 

C.  A.  6  ("E  ") 

CORRECTION  REPORT.    NOTICE  OF  ERRORS  IN  REPORT 
(FORM  C.  A.  4.)  OF  DELIVERY  OF  FOREIGN  CARS. 


(Address  and  Date.) 


.19 


The  following  cars  embraced  in  your  junction  report  do  not  agree  with  our 
records.    Please  advise  us  of  the  facts  in  the  case. 

(Signature.) 


Initials      Car  Number1  Delivered  to    Date 


Repiy 


128  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.  A.  6  ("F.") 

MISSING   RECORD  REPORT.   OWNER'S  REQUEST  UPON 
OTHER  COMPANIES  FOR  MISSING  RECORD  OF  ITS  CARS. 


(Address  and  Date) 


Mr.. 


The  cars  described   below  delivered 
your  line  show  later  movements  but  we 
have  no  junction  report  showing  delivery" 
to  your  connections.    Please  supply  the 
missing  record  and  return  sheet  to  me.  - 


(Signature) 


INITIALS 

NUMBER 

DEL.YOURLINE 

MISSING  RECORD 

NEXT  REPORT 

BY 

DATE 

DELIVERED  TO 

DATE 

DELIVERED  BY 

TO 

DATE 

NOTE. — This  form,  as  explained,  is  used  by  the  owner  of  cars  to  obtain  nec- 
essary information  from  foreign  companies.  Thus,  if  a  company  in  posses- 
sion of  a  car  should  fail  to  show  its  delivery  to  a  connecting  road,  or  in  fact 
should  fail  to  show  the  proper  disposition  of  the  car,  this  blank  is  used  to  ob- 
tain information  necessary  to  correct  the  omission.  The  correction  should  be 
made  on  this  form  by  the  company  in  error,  after  which  it  should  be  returned 
to  the  sender. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  129 

C.  A.  7.  ("Q") 

PER  DIEM  REPORT.      MONTHLY  REPORT  (TO  OWNERS 

OF  CARS)  OF  PER  DIEM  AND  PENALTY  CREDITS 

ACCRUING  ACCOUNT  OF  SUCH  CARS. 


Cars  of. 


Month  of. 


NOTE.— This  form  is  used  by  the  auditor  of  car  accounts  to  report  the 
per  diem  and  penalties  (credits,  etc.).  to  the  company  owning  the  cars. 


CAR 

DAYS 

INITIALS 

NUMBER 

Per 

Pen. 

INITIALS         N 

UMBER 

Per 

Han 

PM. 

Initials      NUN 

BER     ?f'm 

Pen. 

Col.   1 

Col.  2 

TOTAL 

TOTAL 

TOT.  OF  SH 

EET 

.days  at cents  per  day,  $. 

_days  at cents  per  day,  8. 


(Address  and  Date.) 


(Title  of  Officer.) 


130 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.A.8("H") 

MONTHLY  SUMMARY  OF  PER  DIEM  AND  OTHER 
CREDITS  FOR  USE  OF  FREIGHT  AND  OTHER  CARS. 

For  cars  of R .,  Month  of 19 

NOTB.— This  form  is  used  by  the  company  using  the  cars  to  report  to  the 
owners  the  total  amount  due  them  when  the  number  of  cars  requires  the  use 
of  more  than  one  sheet  of  form  C.  A.  7.  This  form  is,  however,  used  in  all 
cases  where  there  is  a  credit  for  baggage,  passenger,  or  other  than  freight 
cars,  as  summarized  at  the  bottom. 


Sheet 

DAYS 

PER      DIEM     SUMMARY                                    AM 

OUNT 

Per  diem 

Penalty 

Per  diem                                                     Days  @  —  o. 

Penalty                                                        Days  @   —  c. 

RECLAIMS 

YourRel.No. 

Our  Ret.  No. 

Amour 

t 

TOTAL    RECLAIMS 

TOTAL  PER  DIEM 

MILEAGE 

AMOUNT 

Baggage  Cars               Miles  @    -TO 

Passenger  Cars                  •    @  -c. 

Cars                  -    @ 

TOTAL  MILEAGE 

TOTAL 

GRAND   TOTAL 

(Address  and  Date) 


(Signature) 


(Title  of  Officer) 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  131 

C.  A.  9  ("I"). 

MONTHLY  STATEMENT  OF  CORRECTIONS  AND  OMIS- 
SIONS IN  ACCOUNT  RENDERED  OF  PER  DIEM 
AND  OTHER  CREDITS. 


or. 


.Cars  for  month  of_ 


NOTB.— This  form  is  used  by  the  owner  of  cars  to  correct  errors  in  ac- 
count rendered  of  per  diem  and  other  credits  by  the  company  using  the  cars. 


B" 


DUE    Alii  *£ 


'REMARKS 


(Signature) 


(Title  of  Officer) 


(Address  and  Date) 


182  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.A.  10.("J") 

PER  DIEM  RECLAIM  STATEMENT — MONTHLY  STATE- 
MENT OF  RECLAIM  (ABATEMENT  OF  CHARGES 
CLAIMED)  BY  COMPANY  SWITCHING  (AND  USING) 
THE  CARS. 

This  form  is  used  by  the  company  that  switches 
(uses)  the  cars,  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  claim 
for  an  abatement  of  the  arbitrary  amount  that 
has  been  charged  for  the  use  of  the  cars  switched. 
This  reclaim  (or  rebate)  is  demanded  of  the  com- 
pany for  which  the  service  was  performed. 

The  junction  agent  of  the  road  performing  the 
switching  renders  this  report  in  triplicate  to  the 
agent  of  the  connecting  road.  Both  agents  sign 
the  report.  The  original  is  sent  to  the  Auditor 
of  Car  Accounts  of  the  switching  road  ;  a  copy  is 
given  to  the  agent  of  the  road  for  which  the 
switching  was  performed  and  a  copy  is  retained 
by  the  agent  of  the  road  doing  the  switching. 

A  provision  in  the  agreement  between  many 
companies  in  reference  to  per  diem  and  penalty 
charges  provides  that  "  An  arbitrary  amount  for 
each  car  in  switching  service  may  be  reclaimed 
by  the  switching  line  from  the  road  for  which 
the  service  was  performed.  This  amount  shall 
be  based  upon  the  average  number  of  days  actu- 
ally required,  and  determined  by  the  roads  di- 
rectly interested  for  each  local  territory."  To 
facilitate  this  all  agents,  where  arbitrary  time  is 
allowed  in  switching  service,  must  compile  state- 
ment immediately  after  the  close  of  each  calen- 
dar month,  showing  the  cars  switched  for  other 
railroad  companies.  This  statement  must  show 
both  terminal  and  interline  switching,  and  a 
separate  statement  must  be  made  against  each 
belt  line  or  railroad.  The  statement  must  be 
submitted  to  the  connecting  line  agents  for  veri- 
fication and  signature,  as  described  above. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


133 


PER  DIEM  RECLAIM  STATEMENT.  (c.  A.  10 - 

Statement  of  Cars  Switched  by Railroad,  for R 

at         Station,  Month  of 19 


1 

Date 

INITIALS      NUN 

8ER    CONTENTS 

III 

| 

D,,ic 

INITIALS       NUM 

BER       CONTENTS 

Jj| 

51 

a 

52 

3 

53 

B 

SO 

0 

Bfl 

7 

57 

0 

• 

•'•  '-' 
>..'.' 

10 

f,C' 

1  1 

B1 

18 

BS 

1  3 

03 

14 

B4 

1  5 

1  -, 

Bfl 

1  7 

87 

IS 

o:; 

19 

f." 

20 

70 

21 

71 

22 

72 

23 

73 

24 

74 

2C, 

;a 

2G 

~r. 

27 

77 

23 

7E 

29 

79 

30 

80 

31 

32 

of 

33 

83 

BB 

o  •: 

30 

88 

37 

fl7 

33 

a  a 

3'.' 

80 

40 

00 

4  1 

91 

42 

02 

43 

03 

44 

94 

40 

or. 

4  0 

or, 

47 

07 

4  ;J. 

or. 

4'' 

r... 

f,0 

oc 

TOT. 

Correct: 


Agent. 


'  UompanyJ 


A  provision  in  the  agreement  between  many  companies  in  reference  to  per  diem 
and  penalty  charges  provides  that— "An  arbitrary  amount  for  each  car  in  switching 
service  may  be  reclaimed  by  the  switching  line  from  the  road  for  which  the  service 
was  performed.  This  amount  shall  be  based  upon  the  averasre  number  of  days  actually 
required,  and  determined  by  the  roads  directly  i-iterested  for  each  local  territory." 


"To  facilitate  this  all  agents  where  arbitrary  time  is  allowed  in  switching  service 
must  compile  statement  immediately  after  the  clo^e  of  each  calendar  month,  show- 


clo^e of 

ing  the  cars  switched  for  other  rail  road  .impanien.  This  statement  must  show  both 
terminal  and  interline  switching,  and  separate  statement  must  be  marie  against  each 
belt  line  or  railroad.  The  statement  must  be  submitted  to  the  connecting  line  agents 
for  verification  and  signature  as  described  above. 


134  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.A.11  ("K"). 

LETTER  OF  ADVICE  ACCOMPANYING  RECLAIM 
(FORM  C.  A.  10)  STATEMENT. 

File  No 


Dear  Sir:  — 

Herewith  please  find  reclaim  statement  (i.  «.,  amount  of  rebate  claimed,) 

in  detail  for  month  of 19 showing  cars 

handled  in  switching  service  for  your  account,  at '_ station, 

amounting  to  $ 

Please  include  this  amount  in  your  next  per  diem  report  to  this  Company, 
Quoting  file  number  given  above,  or  return  this  to  the  undersigned  with 
statement  of  your  objections. 

Please  acknowledge  receipt  on  form  attached. 

(Signature) 

(Title  of  officer) 


Dear  Sir: 

Your  reclaim  statement  for  month  of 19 (File  No. ) 

showing  cars  handled  In  switching  service  for  our  account  at 

station,  amounting  to  8  ,  has  been  received.    This  amount  will 

be  included  in. our  per  diem  report  to  you  for  the  month  of 19 

Yours  truly, 


(Address  and  date) 
19 


NOT*. — This  letter  of  advice  accompanies  the  reclaim  statement,  form 
C*  A.  10. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  135 

C.A.  12("L"). 

PENALTY  NOTICE.  OWNER'S  NOTICE  TO  CONNECTING 

ROAD  OF  PENALTY  TO  BE  CHARGED  FOR 

FAILURE  TO  RETURN  ITS  CARS. 


The  cars  of  this  company,  enumeiated  beiow,  have  been  on  your  line con- 
secutive days  and  you  are  hereby  notilied  that  unless  same  are  disposed  of  within 

days  from  this  date,  a  penalty  of cents  per  car  per  day,  in  addition  to 

the  regular  per  diem  rate,  will  be  charged  for  such  cars.    Please  retain  the  original 
of  this  and  return  the  copy. 


CAR, 

DELIVERED 

REPLY 

INITIALS 

KINO 

NUMBER. 

DISPOSITION 

DATE 

This  notice  must  be  printed  in  bright  red  ink.    (  Such  are  the  ?p<-oiflc  regulation*.} 
nust  be  mailed  in  (  up  icate.    The  original  will  be  retained  by  the  receiving  road 

d  the  duplicate  returned  as  an  acknowledgment,  and  bearing  notations  showing 
position  made  of  cars  which  may  have  cleared  the  line  of  the  receiving  road.  No 
m  of  penalty  notice  must  be  used,  differing  in  size  or  style  from  this.  This  notice 
st  be  mailed  in  an  envelope  bearing  the  full  and  complete  address  (name,  title, 
d,  town  and  state)  of  the  omYer  to  whom  sent.  Preferably  it  should  be  sent  by  U. 
mail  only,  although  in  the  casu  of  immediate  and  direct  connections,  it  may  be 
warded  by  railway  service. 

PENALIZING  A  COMPANY.    In  order  to  penalize  a  company  having  cars  in  its  poss«s- 
n  (i.  e.,  enforce  a  penalty  for  the  detention  of  cars),  th«  owner  must  demand  the 
urn  of  his  car  after  it  has  been  a  stipulated  number  of  days  (nay  twenty;  consecu- 
tively, on  a  road.    If  the  c»r  is  held  by  such  road  more  than  a  given  number  of  dayg 
(lay  ten>  after  the  data  of  such  demand  (given  on  the  prescribed  (»rm\  the  penalty 
charge  agreed  upon  for  each  day  of  detention  thereafter,  is  enforced  in  Addition  to 
the  usual  per  diem  rate. 


136  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  A.  14. 

STATEMENT  SHOWING  THE  TOTAL  TONNAGE  CAPA- 
CITY OF  FREIGHT  CARS  IN  THE  SERVICE  ON 
THE  LAST  DAY  OF  THE  MONTH  AS  COMPARED 
WITH  THE  PREVIOUS  MONTH.  THE  NUMBER  OF 
CARS  AND  THE  TONNAGE  CAPACITY  THEREOF 
RETIRED  AND  REPLACED  DURING  THE  MONTH 
AND  THE  NUMBER  OF  CARS  DESTROYED  TO  BE 
REBUILT. 

This  blank  is  used  to  report  to  the  proper  offi- 
cial the  total  ton  capacity  of  cars  in  the  service 
at  the  close  of  each  month  as  compared  with  the 
previous  month  ;  also  the  number  and  ton  capa- 
city of  cars  retired  and  number  and  ton  capacity 
of  cars  replaced  during  the  month,  and  the  num- 
ber of  cars  destroyed  which  are  to  be  rebuilt. 

This  information  enables  the  official  in  ques- 
tion to  determine  the  exact  number  of  cars  avail- 
able for  service  and  their  carrying  capacity,  and 
to  what  extent  the  carrying  capacity  of  the  road 
has  been  increased  or  decreased  during  the  month. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  187 

C.A.  14. 

STATEMENT  SHOWING  THE  TOTAL  TONNAGE  CAPA- 
CITY  OF  FREIGHT  CARS  IN  THE  SERVICE  ON  THE 
LAST  DAY  OF  THE  MONTH  AS  COMPARED  WITH 
THE  PREVIOUS  MONTH.  THE  NUMBER  OF  CARS 
AND  THE  TOXNAGE  CAPACITY  THEREOF  RETIRED 
AND  REPLACED  DURING  THE  MONTH  AND  THE 
NUMBER  OF  CARS  DESTROYED  TO  BE  REBUILT. 


Month  of. 


19 


Kind  of 
cars 

Comparative  tonnage  capacity  in  service 

19 

19 

Box  

Stock  .  . 

Flat               

Gondola  

Ballast          

Total 

Increase-Decrease 

Number  of  cars  retired  and  replaced 


Number  of  cars  destroyed 
to  be  rebuilt. 


Kind 

No.  of 

No.  of 

Box           cars 

of 

cars 

Tons 

cars 

Tons 

Furniture      " 

cars 

retired 

replaced 

Refrigerator" 

Stock 

Stock 

Flat                " 

Flat 

Gondola         " 

Gondola 

Iron  Ore        " 

Ballast 

Ballast          " 

Total 

Total 

To_ 


Auditor  Car  Accounts, 
[Or  whoever  keeps  the  records.] 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


ber  of  trains 
umber  of  trai 
ber  of  miles 
umber  of  mil 
ber  of  miles 
f  passenger  c 
f  baggage,  ma 
ber  of  cars  h 
umber  of  pass 


! 


as 
aul 


ha 
, 
led 


run, 
of  trains  run 
miles  run  by 
of  miles  run 
miles  run  by 
miles  run  by 
miles  run  by 
d  cars  hauled 
cars  hauled 
cars  hauled 
cars  hauled 
loaded  cars 
empty  cars  h 
cars  hauled, 
of  cars 


!f-«_t,viv<»-i®"aJ ;?»-  «*  *<  *> 
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IX3t,'Dt-t.fcirtS*fl>-ifcifccfi 

la^aajos-S-Ss"®6 
islilllililllls 


SUPERVISION  OF  (JARS. 


2 

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.pty  car  milea 
empty  car  m 
ipty  car  milea 

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140 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.A.  16. 

STATEMENT  TO  OWNER   OF   THE  NUMBER  OF  MILES 

RUN  BY  ITS  PASSENGER  EQUIPMENT  ON  THE 

LINE  OF  A  FOREIGN   ROAD. 


To 


OFFICK   OF  AUDITOR  CAR  ACCOUNTS. 


Dear  Sir:    Herewith  please  find  report  of  mileage  of_ 

railroad  passenger  cars  on 

during  the  month  of 


Auditor  Car  Accounts. 


KIND  OF 

CAB 

NUMBER 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

1 

I 

s 

J 

1 

8 

1 

1 

s 

§ 

s 

s 

a 

a 

a 

s 

s 

s 

s 

§ 

a 

i 

§ 

* 

1 
2 

3 

4 

1 

7 

8 

g 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

10 

20 

1 

14 

25 

20 
27 

28 

29 

30 
SI 

NOTE: — This  form  Is  used  in  notifying  owners  of  passenger  cars  of  the 
number  of  miles  run  by  each  individual  car  while  on  the  line  of  another 
road.  This  information  is  required  because  the  terms  of  purchase  of  passen- 
ger car  wheels  and  the  guarantee  thereof,  is  in  many  cases  based  upon  the 
number  of  miles  run,  and  in  no  way,  save  this,  can  such  information  be 
obtained  while  cars  are  on  other  roads. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  141 

C.A.  17. 

DIVISION  SUPERINTENDENT'S  ADVICE  OF  TRAINS 
MOVED. 


t  To  THE  AUDITOR,  CAR  ACCOUNTS. 
j  To  THE  TICKET  AUDITOR. 

Dear  Sir; 
Below  find  list  of  trains  moved  o 

OFFICE  OF  SUPERINTENDENT. 
Division. 

Office  at 

Date 
10 

i  this  Division  on 

19 

.Division  Sup't. 


-_       .__,        Name  of  Conductor     Where  Train  Was     Where  Train  Was 
No.  or  1  ram.  in  Charge.  Taken  From.  Left. 


NOTE. -This  is  a  form  on  which  the  division  superintendent  reports  to  the 
auditor  of  car  accounts  a  list  of  trains  moved  on  his  division  each  day.  It  is 
used  to  determine  if  conductors'  reports  of  trains  have  been  received  for  every 
train  run  on  the  division. 

It  is  made  in  duplicate,  one  copy  being  forwarded  to  the  ticket  auditor  by 
whom  it  is  used  in  checking  conductors'  ticket  returns  and  cash  fare  reports. 


142  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


CONDUCTOR'S  REPORT  OF  FREIGHT  TRAIN. 

This  blank  is  the  same  as  C.  S.  3. 

It  is  used  by  freight  train  conductors  in  report- 
ing freight  cars  hauled  in  their  trains.  It  is 
made  in  duplicate,  one  copy  going  to  the  auditor 
of  car  accounts,  and  the  other  to  the  car  service 
agent  for  his  use.  From  this  report  is  written 
up  the  local  freight  car  record  and  foreign  freight 
car  record,  forms  C.  A.  19  and  C.  A.  20. 

The  conductor's  report  of  freight  trains  is  used 
by  the  auditor  of  car  accounts  in  verifying  the  ac- 
curacy of  the  division  superintendent's  report,  of 
trians  moved — Form  C.  A.  17.  It  is,  moreover, 
the  source  from  which  information  is  derived  of 
car,  train,  and  tonnage  statistics. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


143 


fUi 
ar 

fcaj 


A 
0 

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s 

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a 

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BH 

gs 

W 

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i 

ft    • 

i 

*    I 

t 

61 

li 

w  t 

nductor... 

Miles  run  

REMARKS. 

>t  from  way-bills. 

This  column  Is 
to  be  left 
blank. 

TON  MILES. 

S^2« 

fill 

N§5 

tf  g  H 
<!  w  O 
0§< 

ALLOWED 

1 

>, 

£ 

1  initials  of  cars  must  be  taken  from  the  cars  and  n< 

CONTENTS 

Through  | 

a^an 
anaHM 

N3HVI 
3U3HM 

CLAIMED. 

Way-Freight  | 

P 

§8 

S 

§1 

jp 

sfe 

Through 

NWQTOO 
HO3HO 
aOMiiO 

Scheduled  Mileage,  -  -  -  - 
Overtime,  
Delayed  Time,  
Switching  at  Terminals,  -  - 
Total  Mileage  for  Day  's  Work, 
The  numbers  an 

CAR  NUMBERS 

£> 
I 

•o 

% 

< 

1 

rt(NCOV^!«Jt.X350-^« 

144  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


THE  LOCAL  FREIGHT  CAR  RECORD. 

This  record  is  the  same  as  C.  S.  1. 

It  is  used  by  a  railway  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
cording the  movements  of  its  freight  cars  on  its 
own  (home)  line  ;  also  the  movements  of  its 
freight  cars  on  other  (foreign)  roads. 

The  record  is  written  up  in  the  first  place  in 
the  office  of  the  car  service  agent  and  is  used  by 
him  in  the  distribution  of  cars. 

It  is  afterwards  used — to  save  duplication  of 
records — by  the  auditor  of  car  accounts  in  com- 
piling mileage  statistics  and  in  verifying  the 
accuracy  of  per  diem  statements  received  from 
other  roads. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  145 

LOCAL  FREIGHT  CAR  RECORD.  C.A.  19. 

(K  ol  the  page.) 
Movements  of  Cars  from 19 to 19 


(Illustration:  Cars  Nos.  7100  to  7198.) 


b,Lo"'hM^.d  I|2|3|4|5|6|lj8l9|10jlljr2jl3jl 

415 

16 

HI.21H21 

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m 

SK9 

sn 

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02 

« 

02 

04 

04 

06 

06 

08 

08 

10 

10 

12 

12 

14 

14 

16 

16 

18 

18 

20 

20 

22 

22 

24 

24 

26 

26 

28 

28 

30 

30 

32 

32 

34 

34 

36 

36 

38 

38 

40 

40 

42 

42 

44 

44 

46 

46 

a 

48 

- 

2 

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g 

10 

11 

12 

131 

415 

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-18 

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20  21 

2:23 

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30 

31 

146  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


FOREIGN  FREIGHT  CAR  RECORD. 

This  is  the  same  as  the  Car  Service  Agent's 
return  Form  C.  S.  2. 

The  record  is  used  by  a  company  to  record  the 
movements  of  foreign  cars  in  its  possession.  It 
is  written  up  originally  in  the  office  of  the  car 
service  agent,  and  is  used  afterwards  by  the 
auditor  of  car  accounts — to  save  duplication  of 
records — in  compiling  statistics  and  in  accounting 
to  other  roads  for  the  use  of  their  cars. 


OF  OAKS. 


147 


148 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


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SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  149 

C.  A.  22. 

NOTICE  TO  PAYING  OFFICER  OF  AMOUNT  OF  PER  DIEM 
AND  CAR  MILEAGE  CHARGES  DUE  OTHER  ROADS. 

OFFICE  OF  AUDITOR  CAR  ACCOUNTS. 

No. 19 

Statement  of  amounts  due  from  the  company  specified  below  on  account 
of  per  diem  and  car  mileage,  the  same  to  be  reported  and  taken  up  —  by  me 
in  the  return  for  month  of 19 


Auditor  Car  Accounts. 


NAME  OF  ROAD. 


NOTB.— This  is  the  auditor  of  car  account's  notice  to  the  treasurer  or 
accounting  officer  of  a  company  of  amounts  due  from  other  companies  for 
the  month  on  account  of  per  diem  car  mileage,  etc.  As  soon  at»  a  return  is 
received  by  the  auditor  of  car  accounts  from  a  company  specifying  the 
amount  due  from  it,  the  amount  is  at  once  certified  to  the  proper  officer  by 
the  auditor  of  car  accounts  (on  this  blank)  so  that  the  balance  for  the 
month  may  be  struck  and  the  payment  thereof  arranged.  In  the  plan  of 
settlement,  of  which  this  Is  a  part,  there  is  no  delay,  it  being  the  practice 
for  the  company  in  whose  favor  there  is  a  balance  to  draw  for  same  at  sight, 
without  notice.  This  is  done  as  soon  as  the  reports  for  the  month,  between 
the  companies  interested,  have  been  exchanged. 


150  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.  A.  23. 

MONTHLY  STATEMENT  OF  FREIGHT  TRAIN  SERVICE 
AND  MILEAGE  OF  FREIGHT  CARS. 

A  monthly  statement  is  rendered  on  this 
form  to  officials  interested  in  the  movement 
of  equipment.  It  gives  the  number  of  loaded 
home  cars  moved  westbound  during  the  month, 
and  number  of  miles  hauled,  also  the  number  of 
loaded  foreign  cars  moved  westbound  and  their 
mileage,  by  divisions.  It  also  gives  the  same 
information  in  regard  to  empty  home  and  foreign 
cars  westbound — the  total  of  both  loaded  and 
empty  westbound  cars  being  carried  out  by  divi- 
sions. Similar  spaces  are  provided  in  the  blank 
for  loaded  and  empty  home  and  foreign  cars 
eastbound.  The  blank  further  provides  for  col- 
umns in  which  are  entered  the  number  of  freight 
trains  west  and  eastbound;  total  number  of  miles 
run  by  freight  trains;  number  of  cars  hauled  in 
construction  trains  and  their  mileage;  total  num- 
ber of  freight  cars  hauled;  the  average  number 
of  cars  hauled  in  freight  trains;  number  of  miles 
run  by  freight  and  passenger  trains,  and  the 
number  of  miles  run  by  empty  freight  engines 
west  and  east  bound. 


This  blank,  like  all  these  relating  to  movement 
of  equipment,  it  is  apparent,  may  be  enlarged  or 
reduced  as  the  requirements  of  particular  compa- 
nies suggest. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CABS. 


151 


OFFICE  OF  AUDITOR  CAR  ACCOUNTS. 

MONTHLY  STATEMENT  OF  FREIGHT  TRAIN  SERVICE  AND  MILEAGE  OF  FREIGHT  CARS. 

For  the  month  of  19  

3 

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The  average  number'of  cars  hauled  in  freight  trains  is  found  by  dividing  total  ireignr  car  m  '»«"  "»  M""i  ""5"; 
train  mileage  The  average  miles  run  by  each  freight  train  is  found  by  dividing  total  freight  train  mileage  by  number 
of  freight  trains  run.  The  mileage  of  caboose  cars  is  eliminated. 

* 

I 

6 

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Total  JNO. 
Milos  Run 
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Average 
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152  SCIENCE  OF  BAIL  WA  T8. 


MONTHLY  STATEMENT  OF  PASSENGER  TRAIN  SER- 
VICE AND  MILEAGE  OF  PASSENGER  TRAIN  CARS. 

This  blank  is  used  in  rendering  a  monthly 
statement  to  officials  interested  in  the  move- 
ment of  equipment,  of  the  number  of  pas- 
senger, sleeping,  baggage  and  mail  cars  hauled 
during  the  month,  and  the  mileage  thereof.  It 
is  so  arranged  that  the  number  and  mileage  of 
westbound  passenger,  sleeping,  baggage  and  mail 
cars,  home  and  foreign,  are  shown  separately  by 
divisions;  totals  for  passenger  cars,  westbound, 
and  their  mileage  is  also  given.  In  the  form  as 
used  similar  .sections  are  provided  for  eastbound 
cars. 

In  addition  to  the  above  it  is  also  arranged  to 
show,  by  divisions,  the  number  of  passenger 
trains  run  east  and  west;  the  total  number  of 
miles  run  by  passenger  trains;  total  number  of 
miles  run  by  passenger  cars;  total  number  of 
passenger  cars  hauled;  average  number  of  cars 
hauled  in  passenger  trains,  and  the  number  of 
miles  run  by  empty  passenger  engines  west  and 
east  bound.  

This  exhibit  like  all  those  contained  herein  re- 
lating to  the  movement  of  equipment,  traffic,  etc., 
may  be  enlarged  or  reduced  according  to  the  re- 
quirements of  those  using  them.  They  are 
merely  illustrative  therefore. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


15? 


OFFICE  OF  AUDITOR  OAR  ACCOUNTS. 

MONTHLY  STATEMENT  OF  PASSENGER  TRAIN  SERVICE  AND  MILEAGE  OF  PASSENGER 
TRAIN  CARS. 

For  the  month  of  19 

Grand 
Total,  Westb'd 

1 

I 

| 

1 

1 

i 

i 

3 

£. 

1 
7 

1  EMPTY  PASSENGEB 
1  ENGINE  MILBAGH 

Eastbound 

Avrrmr<>  niimhf>r  nf  r»ara  hauled  in  nassAnffp.r  train 

Averaee  miles  run  bv  each  train 

ber  of  cars  hauled  in  passenger 
ng  total  passenger  car  mileage 
a  mileage, 
s  run  by  each  passenger  train  is 
il  passenger  train  mileage  by  ^  

Westbound 

P 
p 

1 

I 

2 

g 
i 

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1 

1 

k 

No.  Cars  | 

fllf 

d 

B 
| 

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7, 

Total  Num- 
ber Pas- 
sengerCurs 
Hauled 

No.  Cars 

1 

5 

pi 

O 

0 

Total  Num- 
ber Miles 
Run  by 
Passenger 
Trains 

P 
£ 

I 

i 

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p 

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5 

NUHBEB  OF  PAS-  1 
s  KNGER  TRAINS 

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i 

TOTAL 

1 

~ 

M 

The  average  num 
train  is  found  by  dividi 
by  total  passenger  trai 
The  average  mile 
found  by  dividing  tot 

§ 

c 

'  Dinsios 

CHAPTER    IX. 

CARE  AND  MAINTENANCE  OF  CARS. 

Fully  seventy  per  cent  of  the  total  cost  of 
railway  equipment  is  for  cars.  Afterwards  their 
care  and  maintenance,  including  cost  of  operat- 
ing and  maintaining  shops,  machinery,  tools, 
necessary  tracks,  superintendence,  etc.,  approxi- 
mates eight  per  cent  of  the  gross  cost  of  operat- 
ing a  railroad. 

These  enormous  expenditures  are  carried  on 
under  the  advice  and  direction  of  the  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Car  Department.  And  it  is  found 
that  the  more  often  his  advice  is  sought  and  the 
greater  heed  paid  to  it,  the  greater  the  benefit 
that  will  accrue  to  the  railroad  company.  The 
earlier  in  the  operation  of  a  railroad  that  a  capa- 
ble Superintendent  of  Cars  is  appointed  and 
asked  to  locate  and  map  out  car  shops  and 
grounds,  and  the  tracks  incident  thereto,  the 
better  it  will  be  for  the  company  afterwards. 

The  location  of  shops  and  .the  provisions  in 
connection  therewith  on  new  lines  are,  too 
often,  the  last  things  thought  of  in  connection 
with  the  construction  work.  And  it  is  a  com- 
mon thing  on  well  managed  railroads  to  see 
local  round-houses  and  car  and  engine  repair 
shops  erected  without  any  provision  being  made 

U55) 


156  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

for  the  storage  and  care  of  material,  tools,  and 
things  of  that  kind.  This  is  because  co-opera- 
tive advice  is  not  sought;  somebody  who  only 
knows  (or  thinks  of)  part  of  what  is  needed, 
thoughtlessly  takes  the  responsibility  of  decid- 
ing for  all ! 

In  the  planning  and  building  of  a  railroad, 
(unless  it  be  an  extension  of  an  old  system  or 
the  work  is  supervised  by  veterans  in  railway 
operations)  little  thought  is  given  to  anything 
except  the  main  line  and  sidings.  Somebody,  it 
is  quite  likely,  who  perhaps  knows  very  little 
about  the  needs  of  equipment,  will  say,  with 
a  look  that  silences  everyone  within  hearing, 
"  Well,  let  us  put  aside  thirty  acres  at  such  and 
such  a  place  for  shops,"  when,  very  likely  one 
hundred  acres  or  more  could  be  used  to  advant- 
age. Thus  the  superintendent  of  the  car  depart- 
ment and  the  superintendent  of  motive  power 
and  machinery  are  never  afterwards  able  to 
work  effectively  ;  and,  because  of  this  handicap 
the  maintenance  of  equipment  is  carried  on  at 
a  disadvantage  and  at  increased  cost  for  all  time 
— and  this  because  the  advice  of  experts,  (in  the 
company's  employ  and  under  pay)  was  not 
sought  at  the  proper  time  or  proper  deference 
paid  to  their  superior  judgment  and  experience. 

The  planning  of  passenger  cars  passed  with 
the  advent  of  Pullman,  from  the  hands  of  me- 
chanics to  those  of  skilful  designers,  artists  and 
high  class  decorators.  Freight  car  construction, 
on  the  other  hand,  still  looks  wholly  to  strength 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  157 

and  practical  utility.  Nevertheless  these  homely 
vehicles  have  improved  somewhat  in  beauty  of 
outline  as  well  as  in  strength  and  carrying  capa- 
city. Car  construction  is  still  carried  on  to  a 
certain  extent  by  railway  companies,  but  more 
commonly  than  otherwise  they  devote  their 
energies  in  this  direction  to  maintaining  the 
cars  they  buy  in  the  open  market ;  and  it  is  in 
reference  to  the  maintenance  of  cars,  including 
their  care  and  working,  that  this  chapter  treats. 

Responsibility  for  this  service  rests  upon  the 
official  known  as  the  Superintendent  of  the  Car 
Department.*  His  duties  are  of  an  executive 
character  and  embrace  responsibilities  requiring 
in  their  exercise  extended  practical  experience 
and  administrative  qualities  of  the  highest  order. 

His  opportunities  to  further  the  interests  of 
his  company  are,  perhaps,  greater  in  degree  than 
any  other  official  having  to  do  with  the  handling 
and  supervision  of  cars.  The  field  he  superin- 
tends is  great  and  the  wear  and  tear  and  unavoid- 
able destruction  of  property  from  accidents  and 
otherwise,  constant.  It  is  his  particular  duty  to 
see  that  these  losses  are  minimized  and  that  the 
car  equipment  is  maintained  at  the  maximum  of 
efficiency  with  the  least  possible  cost. 

If  all  of  the  cars  that  belonged  to  a  railroad 
passed  daily  under  the  eye  of  the  superintendent, 
his  immediate  knowledge  of  their  needs  in  the 
way  of  maintenance  and  betterments  would 
greatly  simplify  the  situation.  But  as  a  matter 
of  fact  the  cars  subject  to  his  guardianship  and 

*The  old  title— still  used  sometimes— was  Master  Car  Builder. 


158  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

care,  number  many  thousands  and  are  scattered 
over  the  whole  country — for  he  must  not  only 
look  after  the  cars  on  the  home  line  but  those 
also  in  use  by  connecting  roads.  How  is  he  to 
keep  himself  advised?  How  act,  when  he  does 
not  see  the  cars  and  is  ignorant  of  their  location 
and  condition  except,  indeed,  the  few  that  pass 
into  or  out  of  the  shops  and  yards  under  his 
immediate  eye?  Manifestly,  in  order  to  be 
familiar  with  these  details;  to  know  where  the 
cars  are,  whether  they  fulfill  requirements  or 
not,  what  their  condition  is,  and  the  repairs  that 
are  necessary,  he  must  depend  on  the  returns — 
verbal  and  written — that  he  receives  from  his 
subordinates  and  others. 

With  the  aid  of  these  he  may  and  does  know 
the  condition  of  every  car,  and,  summing  up  the 
whole,  of  the  cars  in  the  aggregate.  The  trust- 
worthiness of  the  returns  he  receives  is  apparent, 
for  in  every  case  they  are  based  on  the  personal 
inspection  and  knowledge  of  those  in  immediate 
charge.  Thus  the  superintendent  and  his  assis- 
tants are  kept  advised  of  each  kind  of  car  and  its 
condition,  and  thus  advised  they  are  able  to  main- 
tain them  effectively,  and  doing  so  meet  the  just 
and  pressing  expectations  of  the  management, 
and  the  urgent  requirements  of  the  public  who 
use  the  cars. 

These  returns  are  illustrated  at  length  further 
on,  with  explanations  of  their  purpose,  how  com- 
piled, when  and  by  whom  made  and  to  whom  sent. 
With  the  aid  of  these,  those  in  charge  are  able 
to  scrutinize  each  car  requiring  attention,  wher- 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  159 

ever  it  may  happen  to  be.  Through  these  returns 
they  know  what  cars  require  repairs,  what  re- 
pairs are  being  made  and  where,  and  how  many 
men  are  engaged  in  such  work,  including  that  of 
maintaining,  cleaning  and  lighting  the  cars  in 
actual  use.  Through  these  returns  the  superin- 
tendent knows  how  many  cars  are  available,  how 
many  are  in  the  hospital,  the  nature  of  their  ail- 
ment and,  finally,  when  they  will  be  put  back 
into  the  service;  information,  in  fact,  so  specific 
that  the  forms  have  but  to  be  studied  by  those 
concerned  to  keep  them  informed  as  effectively 
as  if  present  in  person  on  the  ground. 

This  is  one  important  feature  of  car  supervis- 
ion in  its  daily  application,  and  all  who  would 
seek  to  know  the  practical  working  and  adminis- 
tering of  the  car  department  must  study  these 
forms — learn  them  by  heart — for  no  where  else 
can  the  information  they  contain  be  found. 

The  duties  of  the  superintendent  relate  also, 
as  an  advisory  officer,  to  the  procurement  of  new 
cars  from  time  to  time,  as  the  service  requires. 
And,  in  connection  with  such  needs,  he  must  be 
advised  by  observation,  research,  and  practical 
experience,  concerning  the  constructive  features 
of  cars  including  all  the  minor  appliances  and 
fixtures  relating  thereto.  For  the  evolution  in 
construction  and  adaptation  of  cars  to  practical 
needs — demonstated  by  experience  or  evolved  by 
inventive  genius — is  as  constant  and  as  great  as 
in  any  other  field  of  industry.  This  does  not 
need  illustration;  or,  if  it  did,  we  have  but  to 
compare  the  cars  formerly  on  railways  with 


160  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

those  in  current  use.  In  every  feature  there  has 
been  advancement,  greater  strength  and,  conse- 
quently, greater  durability;  increased  utility; 
greater  capacity;  greater  security ;  and,  in  the  case 
of  passenger  cars,  greater  safety  and  comfort. 
All  this,  withal,  with  relatively  less  cost. 

It  is,  however,  in  connection  with  the  main- 
tenance of  cars  that  the  greatest  usefulness  of 
the  department  lies.  The  ordering  of  equipment 
is  of  infrequent  occurrence  and  easy  of  accomp- 
lishment. Its  maintenance  afterwards,  however, 
requires  incessant  care  and  watchfulness  over  a 
wide  field;  work  that  demands  in  its  discharge 
extended  and  diversified  experience  and  a  high 
order  of  talent.  The  great  quantity  of  material 
that  the  maintenance  of  cars  involves,  the  super- 
intendent and  his  assistants  must  personally 
supervise.  This  material  embraces  a  vast  num- 
ber of  articles  of  widely  different  nature  and 
varied  utility,  but  alike  necessary  in  the  conduct 
of  business.  These  requirements  involve  vast 
outlays  of  money,  but  are  lessened  greatly,  in 
practical  work,  through  the  ingenuity  and  skill 
of  those  in  charge  by  the  refuse  of  scrap  and 
other  available  parts  of  abandoned  cars.  In  this 
way  a  great  saving,  scarcely  known  or  appreci- 
ated outside  of  the  department,  is  effected. 

Not  only  must  those  in  charge  possess  techni- 
cal skill,  but  the  business  acumen  that  is  evinced 
in  the  wise  foresight  that  anticipates  the  wants 
of  the  department,  and  so  makes  provident  use 
of  the  present  to  order  the  equipment  and  ma- 
terial that  will  be  needed  in  the  future ;  and  this 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  161 

without  exaggerating  actual  and  imperative  re- 
quirements. The  care  exercised  not  to  exceed 
actual  needs  as  regards  supplies  ordered  for 
future  general  use  and  temporarily  stored  in  the 
care  of  the  storekeepers  of  a  company,  also  ex- 
tends to  supplies  placed  in  the  hands  of  foremen 
for  immediate  use  in  and  about  the  shops  and 
repair  tracks  and  sheds.  And  in  regard  to  these 
last  petty  supplies  taken  from  the  general  store, 
the  same  watchfulness  is  exercised  to  prevent 
waste  or  improper  use  that  is  thrown  around  the 
general  supplies  of  a  company  ;  for  neglect  here, 
as  elsewhere,  invites  extravagance,  added  cost 
and  unsatisfactory  results. 

Further  supervision  over  the  material  of  the 
car  department  is  aided  by  carefully  devised 
reports  of  material  used  and  on  hand,  made  by 
foremen  and  others  at  the  shops  and  various 
depots  where  supplies  are  kept  to  meet  daily 
needs. 

In  this  way  it  will  be  seen  the  care  and  watch- 
fulness continue  from  the  time  material  is  or- 
dered until  it  is  actually  used;  and,  according  to 
the  measure  of  this  supervision,  it  is  needless  to 
add,  efficiency  or  the  reverse  will  exist.  And 
when  speaking  of  material,  not  only  articles  used 
in  the  maintenance  of  cars  is  meant,  but  tools, 
lubricants,  waste  and  other  supplies,  including 
those  for  lighting  and  the  implements  and  fix- 
tures incident  thereto.  Finally,  the  measure  of 
efficiency  exercised  in  the  disbursement  and  use 
of  material,  is  scrutinized  by  the  management  in 
the  light  of  returns  showing  the  cost  per  mile 


162  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

run  by  cars,  and  in  such  other  ways  as  the  inge- 
nuity of  those  in  charge  may  devise  and  enforce. 

Among  the  important  returns  required  by  the 
department  are  those  relating  to  the  wear  and 
tear  of  wheels,  the  strength  and  durability  of 
which  is  a  matter  of  such  supreme  importance  to 
the  safe  and  economical  operation  of  trains. 
Through  these  returns  the  superintendent  and 
his  aids  are  kept  advised  of  the  actual  life  of 
every  wheel  and  the  work  it  has  performed.  In 
furtherance  of  this,  particulars  of  all  defects  are 
reported  and  carefully  tabulated  for  future  guid- 
ance and  reference.  Records  are  also  kept  of  all 
wheels  guaranteed  by  manufacturers  to  see  that 
the  guarantees  are  fulfilled  in  practice.  Reports 
are  also  required  of  hot  boxes  and  the  cause 
thereof,  when  delays  and  accidents  result  there- 
from. Similarly,  failures  and  defects  in  air- 
brakes are  valuable  for  the  information  and 
guidance  of  those  interested. 

Concerning  the  car  proper  the  superintendent 
requires  reports  of  all  cars  damaged  and  in  many 
cases  the  cause  thereof  ;  particulars  of  bad  order 
cars  on  hand  and  where  located  ;  cars  worn  out 
and  destroyed  by  his  orders ;  special  and  general 
repairs  required  by  cars,  including  those  owned 
by  other  companies ;  cars  cleaned ;  cars  repainted  ; 
cars  rebuilt ;  cars  ready  for  service ;  new  cars 
received.  Reports,  in  fact  covering  every  phase 
of  the  subject  necessary  to  his  enlightenment, 
and  that  of  the  managing  officials  of  the  com- 
pany. 

The  numbering  of  cars  and  the  grouping  of 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  163 

the  numbers  is  one  of  the  many  duties  which 
falls  to  the  lot  of  the  superintendent.  The  prac- 
tices of  railroad  companies  are  not,  however, 
uniform  in  regard  to  numbering  cars.  Thus  one 
company  will  set  aside  all  numbers  say  from 
1  to  1500  for  its  passenger  cars ;  and  all  over 
that  number  for  freight  cars.  Of  the  latter 
series,  the  even  numbers  will  perhaps  be  assigned 
to  box,  furniture,  refrigerator  and  other  enclosed 
cars ;  the  odd  numbers  being  assigned  to  other 
classes  of  cars.  Or  a  company  may  set  aside  the 
numbers,  both  odd  and  even,  between  10,000 
and  20,000  for  one  class  of  cars  and  between 
20,000  and  30,000  for  another  class,  and  so  on. 
The  purpose,  whatever  the  plan  may  be,  being 
to  enable  those  interested  to  determine  the  kind 
and  class  of  a  car  upon  hearing  the  number,  so 
far  as  any  plan  can  do  this  without  too  much 
elaboration. 

The  lettering  on  cars  seems  a  simple  and  me- 
chanical matter  to  the  idle  looker-on,  yet  it  is 
not  so ;  for  the  information  conveyed  and  the 
manner  and  place  of  conveying  it  are,  really, 
matters  of  careful  study  and  arrangement  based 
on  long  experience  and  the  needs  of  the  service. 
/On  some  cars  the  work  is  artistic,  so  far  as  its 
nature  permits ;  on  others  it  is  the  reverse. 
So,  too,  in  regard  to  painting  cars  :  the  color  and 
kind  of  paint  and  the  quality  of  varnish,  and  the 
manner  in  which  all  are  applied,  more  often 
than  otherwise  indicate  taste  and  discernment 
as  well  as  the  practical  question  of  usefulness 
and  wear  and  tear. 


164  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

Another  duty  that  belongs  to  the  superintend- 
ent of  the  car  department  is  the  preparation  and 
general  distribution  of  the  "Object"  cards  that 
are  nailed  to  cars  showing  at  a  glance  those 
that  are  in  "bad  order;"  that  are  "defective;" 
that  need  "light  repairs;"  that  need  "general 
repairs;"  that  are  "to  be  destroyed;"  that  are 
"ready  for  service;"  that  are  loaded  with  "inflam- 
mable material;"  that  are  subject  to  "penalty" 
under  the  rules;  "home  route"  cards,  etc.  Pro- 
vision in  fact,  being  made  to  cover  every  emer- 
gency of  the  service  at  the  minimum  of  cost. 

Similarly,  the  oversight  of  the  superintendent 
and  his  assistants  extends,  with  minute  particu- 
larity, to  every  phase  of  the  work:  the  mainte- 
nance of  shops;  the  procurement  and  mainte- 
nance of  machinery  and  tools  ;  details  of  repairs 
to  cars  ;  cars  rebuilt ;  articles  manufactured  for 
use  by  the  department ;  piece  work  ;  work  done 
for  individuals  and  corporations,  and  so  on.  And 
as  the  cars  of  different  companies  are  used  in 
common,  it  falls  to  the  department  to  make  such 
repairs  as  may  be  necessary  to  the  cars  of  other 
roads,  and  in  doing  so  to  discriminate  between 
the  repairs  that  are  chargeable  against  the 
owner  and  those  that  must  be  made  at  the 
expense  of  the  company  using  them. 

The  permanent  records  in  the  office  of  the 
superintendent  of  cars  depend  upon  the  division 
of  the  work  as  regards  the  handling  of  material 
and  the  keeping  of  the  accounts.  Those  of  a 
fundamental  nature,  however,  that  may  be 
named,  irrespective  of  any  such  conditions,  are: 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  165 

the  record  of  repairs  to  different  classes  of  cars, 
a  record  of  passenger  cars;  record  of  freight  and 
other  cars;  record  of  oil,  waste  and  tallow  used; 
record  of  car  wheels;  record  of  car  mileage;  and, 
finally,  material  and  labor  records.  The  extent 
of  these  last  named  will,  however,  as  already 
observed,  depend  upon  the  organization  as  regards 
division  of  work  and  responsibility. 

It  is  to  the  superintendent  of  cars  and  those 
about  him,  as  already  intimated,  that  a  company 
should  look  for  plans  for  its  shops  and  repair 
buildings;  the  tools  and  machinery  the  service 
requires;  the  tracks  and  sidings  necessary  for  the 
purposes  of  the  department,  and  all  the  other 
paraphernalia  incident  to  its  operations. 

He  is  at  once  a  constructive  and  operating 
official;  building  up  and  afterwards  maintaining 
and  operating.  And  to  do  this  he  must  feel  the 
pulsations  of  his  department  however  remote  or 
faint.  Through  observation,  personal  intercourse, 
the  telegraph,  and  special  and  stated  returns,  he 
keeps  himself  actively  and  in  minute  contact 
with  every  phase  of  the  situation.  The  informa- 
tion, thus  acquired,  is  imparted  by  him  to  such 
general  managing  officials  of  the  company  as 
may  be  interested.  And  this  last  is  as  necessary 
as  the  first;  for  in  no  other  way  can  he  secure 
their  active  and  intelligent  co-operation  and  ad- 
vice; things  so  necessary  in  corporate  life  where 
there  is  divided  responsibility  for  work  done  and 
results  achieved. 

Not  only  does  the  superintendent  keep  him- 
self in  touch  with  the  local  conditions  and  needs 


1 66  SCIENCE  OF  RAIL  WA  Y8. 

but  through  attendance  at  the  meetings  of  super- 
intendents of  cars  and  by  personal  intercourse 
with  such  officers  on  other  roads,  keeps  his  plant 
and  equipment  in  line  with  the  best  constructive 
and  operating  practices  of  the  day.  And  it  j« 
due  to  him  and  this  intercourse,  that  the  uni- 
formity and  general  usefulness  of  cars  has  been 
obtained. 

And  it  is  needless  to  say  that  the  measure  of 
success  the  individual  superintendent  attains 
in  his  intercourse  with  the  officials  of  other  com- 
panies is  dependent  upon  his  industry,  experi- 
ence and  tact.  It  also  falls  out,  in  this  connec- 
tion, in  the  practices  of  the  department,  that 
because  of  the  general  understanding  among 
master  car  builders,  the  superintendent  of  the 
car  department  has,  in  a  great  measure,  to  super- 
vise and  audit  the  manifold  accounts  that  arise 
between  railroads  in  connection  with  the  repair 
and  maintenance  of  the  cars  used  in  joint  ser- 
vice. And  as  these  accounts  are  numerous  and 
often  complicated  and  for  considerable  amounts, 
the  faithful  performance  of  the  service  requires 
time  and  accurate  knowledge,  and  systematic 
provision. 

In  conclusion,  it  may  be  said,  that  the  great 
number  of  men  employed  by  the  car  department, 
scattered  as  they  are  over  a  wide  territory,  in- 
volve careful  organization  and  constant  watch- 
fulness. In  the  building  up  of  the  force,  those 
employed  are  selected  only  after  careful  scrutiny 
under  forms  prescribed  by  the  superintendent. 
Thus,  he  controls  the  force  and,  through  the 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  167 

returns,  keeps  himself  advised  of  its  work; 
the  number  of  men  at  each  point ;  the  actual 
time  worked  by  each  man — including  regular 
and  overtime — ;  the  kind  of  work  each  man  is 
engaged  upon,  and  finally  what  he  accomplishes. 
In  this  way  and  by  carefully  devised  methods, 
the  result  of  experience  and  careful  provision, 
the  department  is  supervised  throughout,  the 
superintendent  and  other  responsible  officers 
of  the  company  watching  the  procurement  of 
cars  and,  afterwards,  their  maintenance;  the 
purchasing  of  material ;  its  use  ;  the  hiring  and 
discharging  of  men  ;  their  need  and  fitness  ;  and 
so  on  through  all  the  varied  ramifications  and 
multiplied  exigencies  of  the  service. 


CHAPTER  X. 

ARRANGEMENT  OF  CAR  SHOPS  AND  ORGANIZATION 
OF  FORCES. 

I  have  described  in  the  preceding  chapter,  with 
more  or  less  particularity,  the  duties  and  respon- 
sibilities of  those  in  charge  of  the  care  and  main- 
tenance of  cars.  However,  in  this  case,  as  in 
every  other  of  a  like  nature,  it  is  interesting  and 
instructive  above  all  to  hear  what  the  master 
himself — the  man  who  actually  does  the  thing — 
has  to  say  on  the  subject.  The  great  importance 
and  value  of  such  expression  has  led  me  to  solicit 
— and  happily  to  secure — this  from  Mr.  Charles 
A.  Schroyer,  a  superintendent  of  the  car  depart- 
ment of  one  of  the  great  railways  of  the  world; 
a  man  of  long  and  widely  diversified  experience, 
who  has  no  superior  in  the  service  and  is  every- 
where recognized  as  an  eminent  and  trustworthy 
authority  in  this  important  branch  of  railway 
operations. 

Having  secured  this  interesting  and  highly 
valuable  exposition  of  the  subject,  I  submit  it 
without  comment  for  the  benefit  and  enlighten- 
ment of  those  who  seek  to  know  something  con- 
cerning the  administration  and  interior  working 
of  the  car  department,  but  whose  facilities  render 
the  acquiring  of  such  information  impossible; 
information,  it  may  be  said,  that  is  of  the  greatest 

(169) 


170  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

value  to  everyone  who  seeks  railway  advance- 
ment in  this  or  any  of  the  other  fields  of  prefer- 
ment. With  this  brief  explanation  I  submit 
what  Mr.  Schroyer  so  pertinently  says  on  the 
subject. 

The  large  number  of  passenger  and  freight 
cars,  that  comprise  the  rolling  stock-of  a  railroad, 
are  of  so  much  importance  that  the  work  of 
maintaining  this  equipment  requires  the  most 
careful  preparation  and  supervision. 

In  the  beginning  of  railroads,  and  now  with 
new  roads,  oftentimes  little  provision  is  made  or 
thought  given  to  the  repair  and  maintenance  of 
cars;  a  few  outlying  tracks  and  rough  sheds 
being  deemed  sufficient. 

As  the  car  equipment  of  a  railroad  increases  in 
number  and  age,  however,  the  importance  of  its 
maintenance  becomes  more  and  more  pronounced. 
Permanent  shops  are  then  established  for  per- 
forming such  work  as  is  required  in  making  what 
is  generally  known  among  car  men  as  "Heavy 
repairs  to  freight  cars."  Shops  are  erected,  ma- 
chinery installed,  and  permanent  tracks  laid  in 
close  proximity,  where  the  work  of  making  light 
and  heavy  repairs  can  be  carried  on  at  the  mini- 
mum of  cost.  Organization  for  supervising  and 
doing  the  work  also  assumes  tangible  shape. 
Schemes,  such  as  Transfer- tables  (operated  by 
electricity)  for  handling  cars  in  the  yards,  places 
for  the  storage  of  cars  while  awaiting  repairs, 
provision  for  painting  cars,  and  other  necessary 
facilities  are  inaugurated. 


SUPER  VISION  OF  CARS.  171 

The  organization  of  the  car  department,  as 
finally  perfected,  is  generally,  as  follows: 

The  Superintendent  of  the  Car  Department  or 
Master  Car  Builder,  who  has  charge  of  the  forces 
constructing  and  maintaining  car  equipment. 

Interchange  Inspectors.  Their  duties  are  to 
inspect  cars  under  " Master  Car  Builders'" 
(M.  C.  B)  rules  at  interchange  points  where  cars 
are  delivered  to  and  received  from  foreign  com- 
panies. They  note  the  general  condition  of  the 
cars  and  especially  defects  for  which  owners  are 
responsible  in  contradistinction  to  defects  for 
which  the  operating  line  is  responsible;  these 
they  write  up  on  the  records  and  specialize  in 
their  returns. 

General  Inspectors.  Their  duties  are  to  in- 
spect cars  at  terminal  stations,  to  determine 
whether  or  not  they  are  safe  for  operation  and 
handling  freight. 

NOTE.— Inspectors  of  passenger  cars  at  Terminals  are  classed  as  General 
Inspectors. 

Local  Inspectors.  These  inspectors  are  loca- 
ted at  important  stations  along  the  line  and  it  is 
their  duty  to  inspect  cars  while  enroute,  to  deter- 
mine their  safety  and  to  ascertain  whether  or  not 
defects  are  such  as  to  necessitate  the  removal  of 
the  car  from  the  train  in  order  to  prevent  acci- 
dent or  further  damage;  also  to  look  after  the 
oiling  and  icing  of  cars  enroute,  etc. 

General  Foreman.  His  duties  are  to  supervise 
inspectors  and  local  foremen,  in  the  yard  of  the 
principal  shop  where  heavy  repairs  are  made  to 
cars.  He  also  has  general  charge  of  such  work 


172  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

and  is  in  fact  one  of  the  superintendent's  imme- 
diate assistants. 

Gang  Foremen.  They  have  charge  of  the  men 
actually  making  repairs  to  cars. 

Freight  Car  Foremen  of  the  first  class.  They 
are  employed  in  the  yards  where  heavy  repairs 
are  made,  about  the  principal  shop. 

Freight  Car  Foremen  of  the  second  class.  They 
are  employed  in  charge  of  the  force  at  local 
points  where  light  repairs  are  made. 

Foremen  of  the  third  class.  They  have  charge 
of  the  force  at  local  points  engaged  in  making 
running  repairs  to  cars  in  transit. 

Freight  Car  Carpenters.  They  are  employed 
in  yards  where  the  principal  work  is  performed, 
and  their  duties  comprise  laying  out ;  framing  of 
heavy  and  other  timbers  of  the  car;  and  the 
work  of  constructing  new  cars.  This  class  of 
help  furnishes  its  own  tools. 

Freight  Car  Repairers.  The  men  who  take  the 
lead  in  the  work  performed  in  making  heavy 
repairs  to  cars. 

Freight  Car  Repairers'  Helpers.  These  men 
do  the  secondary  work  and  assist  the  Car  Re- 
pairers where  heavy  repairs  are  being  made. 

Car  Smiths.  Performing  the  general  work  of 
repairs  in  yards  where  light  and  running  repairs 
are  made. 

Handy  Men.  Employed  at  local  and  terminal 
stations  whose  duties  comprise  oiling,  inspecting, 
cleaning,  icing  and  making  light  repairs  to  cars. 

Car  Oilers:  men  whose  exclusive  duties  are  the 
oiling  of  both  freight  and  passenger  cars. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  173 

Oilers  and  Inspectors:  men  whose  duties  em- 
brace the  oiling  and  inspection  of  cars  while  in 
transit,  in  terminal  yards,  and  on  team  tracks,  etc. 

Foreman's  Clerk.  His  duties  are  somewhat 
general  but  more  particularly  embrace  the  keep- 
ing of  a  record  of  all  cars  passing  over  the  repair 
tracks;  details  of  repairs  made  to  same;  filling 
out  cards  in  accordance  with  the  Master  Car 
Builders'  rules  for  defects  existing,  for  repairs 
made,  for  defects  for  which  owners  are  responsi- 
ble, and  for  repairs  made  for  which  the  operating 
line  is  responsible. 

The  above  classification,  in  a  general  way, 
covers  the  important  divisions.  A  force  em- 
ployed for  special  purposes  is  always  so  indicated 
on  the  pay  roll  and  other  records  of  a  company. 


The  location  of  the  car  shops  should  be  cen- 
tralized to  the  greatest  possible  extent  at  such 
points  as  will  best  meet  the  requirements  of  the 
service  and  avoid,  as  far  as  possible,  the  trans- 
porting of  bad  order  cars  over  the  line. 

On  a  railroad  having  from,  say,  four  to  five 
thousand  miles  of  track,  two  main  shops  should 
be  conveniently  located  at  different  points  on  the 
line,  in  which  there  should  be  facilities  for  mak- 
ing heavy  repairs  and  getting  out  the  various 
kinds  and  classes  of  materials  used  in  such  repairs 
of  cars.* 


*In  this  case  as  in  all  similar  cases  the  provision  made  should 
be  such  as  the  needs  of  a  company  require. 


174  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

The  shops  should  be  generally  arranged  as  fol- 
lows: 

Blacksmith  Shop.  Such  a  shop  should  be 
especially  provided  for  doing  the  work  of  the  car 
department,  lest  the  work  should  be  interrupted 
by  the  miscellaneous  and  varied  character  of 
work  performed  in  the  locomotive  department 
blacksmith  shops.  It  usually  happens  that  when 
car  department  work  is  left  to  be  done  by  another 
department,  the  work  of  the  latter  is  too  often  con- 
sidered more  important  and  so  is  given  the  pref- 
erence— the  car  work  suffering  correspondingly 
therefrom.  It  is  also  of  advantage  to  have  a 
blacksmith  shop  for  the  car  department  for  the 
reason  that  the  work  can  be  done  by  men  of  less 
skill  than  in  the  locomotive  blacksmith  shop  be- 
cause of  the  large  quantities  of  work  of  a  dupli- 
cate character. 

The  Planing  Mill.  The  planing  mill  should  be 
so  arranged  as  to  enable  the  work  of  framing 
heavy  timbers  to  be  done  in  one  part  of  the  mill, 
and  the  work  of  a  lighter  nature  taken  care  of  in 
another  part  without  being  brought  in  contact 
with  one  another. 

Cabinet  Shop.  This  shop  should  be  provided 
with  facilities  for  taking  care  of  the  lighter  class 
of  work  in  framing  way  (caboose)  cars,  refriger- 
ator cars,  and  other  similar  classes  of  miscellan- 
eous car  equipment. 

The  Foundry.  The  foundry  should  be  provided 
with  sufficient  capacity  for  the  getting  out  of  both 
brasses  and  gray  iron  castings. 

Machine  Shop.   The  machine  shop  work  of  the 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  175 

car  department  can  also  be  done  by  men  of  less 
skill  than  those  ordinarily  classed  as  machinists; 
and  therefore  it  is  economy  to  have  a  machine 
shop  for  the  car  department  separate  from  the 
locomotive  machine  shop.  This  shop  should  be 
located  on  tracks  having  switches  at  both  ends 
where  work  of  repairs  of  a  heavy  nature  can  be 
made  and  where  bad  order  cars  can  be  placed  at 
one  end  and  good  order,  or  repaired  cars,  can  be 
taken  out  from  the  other.  A  series  of  tracks 
should  also  be  placed  in  close  proximity  to  the 
shop,  on  which  cars  may  be  placed  that  are  in 
need  of  repairs  ordinarily  classed  as  "light."  A 
switch  should  be  placed  at  either  end  of  such 
tracks,  to  be  used  in  placing  bad  order  cars  at  one 
end  and  for  removing  repaired  cars  at  the  oppo- 
site end.  A  sufficient  number  of  tracks  should 
be  installed  in  the  yard  at  such  places  where  they 
will  not  interfere  with  the  work  of  the  switch- 
ing department,  upon  which  may  be  stored  cars 
awaiting  repairs,  and  also  those  that  are  to  be 
painted. 

A  Scrap  Yard  is  necessary  where  materials  re- 
moved from  cars  repaired  and  from  wrecked  cars 
received  from  the  road,  can  be  assorted  and  dis- 
posed of.  A  well  regulated  scrap  yard  is  of  more 
value  to  a  railway  company  than  is  usually 
thought,  and  if  it  is  not  properly  arranged,  the 
work  of  handling  scrap  material  is  so  laborious 
that  often  times  the  amount  received  from  the 
sale  of  the  scrap  does  not  much  more  than  pay 
for  the  labor  performed. 

A  permanent  wrecking  derrick  should  be  pro- 


176  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

vided  in  close  proximity  to  the  scrap  yard  where 
heavy  materials,  usually  consisting  of  trucks  and 
heavy  material  received  from  the  line,  can  be 
loaded  and  unloaded.  A  great  saving  can  thus 
be  effected  by  the  labor  saved  through  the  lesser 
number  of  men  required  to  handle  heavy  material. 

The  grouping  of  these  shops  and  tracks  should 
be  of  such  a  character  as  to  enable  materials 
from  the  mill,  blacksmith  shop,  etc.,  to  be  trans- 
ported from  shop  to  shop  at  a  minimum  cost. 
No  fixed  plan  can  be  laid  down  for  a  shop  of  this 
character  for  the  reason  that  it  must  always 
be  made  to  meet  the  land  and  track  conditions 
in  and  about  the  yards  in  which  it  is  built. 

The  system  under  which  work  is  conducted 
must  necessarily  be  varied  to  meet  track  and 
switching  conditions  in  the  yard.  The  best  prac- 
tice, however,  in  important  yards  where  both 
heavy  and  light  repairs  are  handled,  is  to  have 
an  inspector  inspect  all  cars  received  from  outly- 
ing divisions;  and  in  this  inspection,  he  should  be 
the  judge  as  to  the  classification  of  repairs  to  be 
made — which  classification  should  be  the  basis  for 
determining  where  car  should  be  placed  and  what 
work  is  needed  to  place  the  car  in  first  class  repair. 

All  bad  order  cars  on  which  repairs  can  be 
made  in  one  day  or  less  should  be  grouped  and 
classed  as  "A"  (light)  repairs,  and  a  card  known 
as  the  "A"  card  applied  to  each  car.  This  card 
indicates  the  initial,  number  of  car,  classification 
of  repair  work  needed,  together  with  a  space  for 
the  name  of  the  inspector.  Cars  which  require 
more  than  one  day  and  less  than  two  days  for 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  177 

making  the  repairs  should  be  classified  as  "B". 
Those  requiring  two  days  or  more  as  "C"  repairs. 
These  cards  should  be  of  different  colors  to  enable 
the  switch  crews  to  determine  at  a  glance  what 
disposition  should  be  made  of  the  car;  and  all  cars 
of  the  different  classes  should  be  set  on  a  track  by 
themselves,  and  the  work  got  out  uniformly,  thus 
avoiding  the  re-switching  of  the  cars  and  the 
holding  of  same,  as  would  be  the  case  if  heavy 
and  light  repairs  were  mixed  indiscriminately  on 
the  track. 

Good  practice  requires  that  such  parts  of  cars 
as  require  painting,  be  done  first  to  enable  them 
to  receive  a  coat  of  paint  while  on  the  repair 
track  prior  to  going  onto  the  regular  paint  tracks. 
This  greatly  facilitates  the  work  of  painting. 

Wrecked  cars,  or  those  so  badly  damaged  as  to 
extend  beyond  the  class  "C  "  repairs,  should  have 
repairs  made  under  cover  in  a  shop  especially 
provided  for  this  class  of  work. 

Cars  requiring  light  repairs  should  always  be 
given  preference  over  the  heavy,  the  heavy  re- 
pairs being  held  until  such  time  as  the  light  re- 
pair work  slackens,  as  this  practice  will  tend  to 
reduce  the  number  of  bad  order  cars  held  for 
repairs  to  the  minimum,  thus  enabling  a  larger 
number  of  cars  to  be  continued  in  service.  Under 
certain  conditions  heavy  repair  cars  are  often 
held  what  is  apparently  an  unusual  length  of 
time,  but  this  is  found  desirable  when  the  force 
cannot  be  regularly  employed  on  both  heavy  and 
light  repairs  at  the  same  time. 

The  arrangement  of  the   machinery   in   the 


178  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

planing  mill  is  of  such  importance  that  the  most 
careful  attention  should  be  given  it  to  enable 
the  work  to  be  done  in  such  a  manner  as  to  have 
that  of  a  heavy  character  moved  straight  through 
the  mill  and  never  backwards.  This  can  be 
done  by  means  of  wooden  horses  or  dollys  for 
shifting  heavy  materials  from  one  machine  to 
another  and  so  enable  the  men  to  take  the  rough 
material  in  at  one  end  of  the  mill  and  turn  out 
the  finished  product  at  the  other  with  the  mini- 
mum amount  of  delay. 

Light  materials  taken  out  of  the  mill  should 
in  all  cases  be  got  out  on  trucks  to  avoid  laying 
them  on  the  floor  and  reloading  them.  A  great 
saving  in  time  can  be  made  by  the  foremen  if 
particular  attention  is  paid  to  this. 

The  matter  of  conveying  the  shavings  and  off- 
fall  from  the  machines  and  saws,  to  the  boiler 
room,  is  one  of  the  utmost  importance,  and 
modern  methods  for  so  doing  should  in  all  cases 
be  employed. 

The  Pattern  Shop  and  Cabinet  Shop  should  be 
in  the  same  room  if  possible,  as  the  machinery 
employed  in  the  two  departments  of  the  work 
is  practically  the ,  same  and  by  so  associating 
them,  the  same  machines  will  answer  the  pur- 
poses of  both  departments. 

The  location  of  the  machine  and  blacksmith 
shops  should  be  such  as  to  enable  the  heavy 
materials  to  be  got  out  in  these  departments  and 
transferred  or  loaded  at  the  minimum  cost. 

Tracks  for  the  storage  of  wheels  mounted  for 
use  should  be  sufficiently  close  to  the  "Pressing 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  179 

off  and  on  machinery"  as  to  enable  quick  deliv- 
ery of  same  to  be  made.  Tracks  should  be  in- 
clined away  from  the,  machine  shop  toward  the 
point  where  loading  and  unloading  is  done,  as 
this  allows  the  wheels  to  be  taken  from  the 
tracks  in  the  order  that  they  are  mounted. 
Great  care  should  be  exercised  in  using  first  the 
oldest  wheels  on  track;  this  on  account  of  the 
time  guarantee  on  freight  wheels. 

Tracks  on  which  wheels  are  stored  to  be  dis- 
mounted, should  be  inclined  toward  the  shop  to 
have  them  move  by  gravity  to  as  great  an  extent 
as  possible. 

The  best  method  of  loading  and  unloading 
mounted  wheels  has  been  found  in  the  use  of  the 
piston  jack  (see  illustration  on  next  page),  located 
in  the  ground  and  operated  with  air  pressure  to 
raise  the  wheels  up  to  car  level,  rather  than  to 
use  the  old  style  derricks. 

The  jacking  up  of  cars,  the  cleaning  of  air 
brake  cylinders  and  triple  valves  and  the  testing 
of  air  brakes  by  means  of  air  pressure  have  been 
found  to  cut  so  much  figure  in  economy  and  cost, 
that  the  greatest  consideration  should  be  given 
the  same  in  the  arrangements  of  the  yard. 

At  terminal  stations  sufficient  trackage  should 
be  provided,  conveniently  located,  to  enable  bad 
order  cars  to  be  switched  out  of  trains  and  got 
to  and  from  the  repair  yards  without  interference 
with  other  equipment.  These  tracks  should  be 
provided  with  air  for  testing  air  brakes,  jacking 
up  cars,  etc.  A  stock  house  of  sufficient  capacity 
should  also  be  provided  to  properly  care  for  such 


180 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILVSAY3. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  '  181 

materials  as  are  used  in  and  about  a  yard  of  this 
kind,  where  machinery  and  smith  work  is  neces- 
sarily limited  to  that  which  can  be  procured  from 
the  Main  Shops,  the  work  being  confined  to  that 
which  can  be  done  with  materials  of  this  kind. 

At  local  points  of  sufficient  importance,  tracks 
holding  a  limited  number  of  cars  conveniently  lo- 
cated should  be  provided;  also  a  small  stock  house 
for  the  storage  of  waste  and  oil  and  such  other 
materials  as  are  ordinarily  used  in  work  of  what 
is  known  as  light  or  running  repairs. 

The  lubrication  of  cars  is  a  question  upon 
which  more  could  be  said  than  can  be  outlined 
in  this  article.  Briefly,  the  yards  where  heavy 
repairs  are  made  to  cars,  should  be  equipped  with 
an  oil  house  having  apparatus  therein  for  the 
sorting  of  the  waste;  steam  heating  tanks  where 
.the  waste  can  be  heated  to  the  proper  degree  of 
temperature;  presses  where  condemned  waste 
can  be  pressed  and  the  oil  extracted  from  it  and 
the  condemned  waste  sent  to  the  locomotive 
department  for  firing  up  engines.  The  usable 
waste  that  has  been  sorted,  should  be  mixed  with 
new.  Soaking  vats  should  be  provided  where 
the  waste  can  be  placed  in  oil  for  soaking,  and 
draining  racks  in  which  it  can  be  placed  for 
draining  off  the  superfluous  oil. 

The  condemned  waste  removed  and  used  for 
firing  up  engines  is  of  sufficient  value  to  pay  the 
entire  expense  involved  in  the  operation.  The 
oil  extracted  is  clear  gain. 

All  waste  should  be  soaked  at  least  24  hours 
before  using  (the  longer  the  better).  Journal 


182  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

boxes  of  all  cars  undergoing  heavy  repairs,  if  not 
repacked  within  two  years,  should  have  all  the 
waste  removed  aiid  taken  to  the  oil  house  and 
disposed  of  as  indicated  above  ;  that  which  is 
usable  should  be  mixed  with  new  waste  and 
soaked  and  the  boxes  repacked.  The  benefits 
gained  by  this  practice  are  great. 

At  outside  yards  and  terminals  where  light 
and  running  repairs  only  are  made,  the  shop 
should  be  provided  with  oil  tanks,  soaking  vats 
and  draining  racks,  so  that  a  sufficient  quantity 
of  waste  properly  saturated  may  be  carried  in 
stock  at  all  times  for  renewal. 

At  local  points  where  cars  are  cared  for  while 
en  route  the  same  provision  should  be  made,  and 
cans  for  properly  saturated  waste,  or  combina- 
tion cans  for  oil  and  waste,  should  be  stored  in 
the  yards  for  convenient  use  when  necessary. 

The  repairs  of  air  brakes  is  a  matter  which 
needs  the  most  careful  attention.  Large  expen- 
ditures are  made  in  fitting  cars  with  these  appli- 
ances and  the  practice  of  letting  the  hose  hang 
down  from  the  end  of  the  cars  results  in  much 
sand  and  dirt  being  carried  into  the  train  pipe, 
through  the  strainers  and  into  the  triple  valves. 
In  many  cases,  the  smaller  particles  of  sand 
reach  the  cylinders  where  it  har  a  tendency  to 
cut  the  leather  packing. 

All  well  equipped  shops  are  provided  with 
necessary  tools  and  appliances  for  cleaning  and 
making  light  repairs  to  triple  valves.  Repairs 
of  a  heavy  character  should  be  sent  to  the  Air 
Brake  company  originally  furnishing  the  valves, 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  183 

as  an  ordinary  car  shop  is  not  equipped  to  do 
work  sufficiently  accurate  for  a  piece  of  machin- 
ery of  this  character.  Valves  from  the  yards 
and  the  road  should  be  sent  to  the  shop  where 
they  can  be  repaired  and  cared  for  as  indi- 
cated. The  cleaning  of  air  brake  cylinders  and 
the  removal  and  replacement  of  the  triple  valves 
should  be  done  in  all  cases  when  the  valves 
have  been  in  service  eight  months  or  more.  The 
tightening  up  of  leaky  joints ;  removal  and  re- 
placement of  angle  cocks,  hose  and  couplings ; 
the  tightening  up  of  air  brake  pipes  and  cylin- 
ders ;  the  removal  and  replacement  of  worn  out 
brake  shoes;  and  the  testing  and  adjusting  of  the 
apparatus  should  be  performed  in  the  repair 
yards,  on  warehouse  tracks,  on  team  tracks  and 
other  tracks  when  the  cars  are  stored  there  a 
sufficient  length  of  time,  and  it  is  possible  for 
them  to  be  reached  with  air  pipes  for  the  pur- 
pose of  testing.  The  work  should  be  done  by  a 
man  especially  skilled  in  work  of  this  character. 

The  passenger  equipment  of  a  railroad  is  so 
valuable  and  its  maintenance  comprises  so  great 
a  percentage  of  cost,  that  it  must  be  handled  with 
the  most  complete  organization  and  best  arranged 
shops  to  insure  its  maintenance  at  the  minimum 
cost.  The  organization  for  conducting  the  work 
is,  substantially,  as  follows: 

Foreman  of  Passenger  Repairing  or  Carpen- 
ter Shop.  His  duties  embrace  the  general  work 
of  repairing  and  maintaining  the  passenger  cars 
in  so  far  as  the  woodwork  of  the  car  is  concerned; 


184  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

also  the  direction  of  the  iron,  paint,  tin  and  uphol- 
stering departments. 

Foreman  of  Trimming  Department.  His  duties 
comprise  a  general  inspection  of  cars  on  their  ar- 
rival at  the  shop.  He  reports,  on  form  provided, 
all  work  to  be  performed  on  the  cars.  He  has 
charge  of  the  force  which  strips  or  removes  from 
the  cars,  the  doors,  sash,  blinds,  seats,  trimmings, 
etc. :  has  the  same  properly  marked  and  tabulated 
and  delivered  to  the  proper  department  where 
the  work  of  cleaning,  repairing,  etc.  is  performed. 
Also  the  assembling  and  re-trimming  of  the  cars 
after  the  general  work  of  repairs  is  finished. 

Foreman  of  Truck  and  Platform  Repairs.  He 
is  in  charge  of  the  men  employed  on  the  work  of 
repairing  all  portions  of  trucks  and  platforms,  in- 
cluding air  brakes. 

Foreman  Tinner.  His  duties  are  to  look  after 
the  repairs  of  all  portions  of  the  car  pertaining 
to  the  tin  department. 

Foreman  Upholsterer.  His  duties  comprise 
the  transporting  of  seats  and  backs,  curtains,  car- 
pets, etc.  from  the  cars  to  the  upholstering  clean- 
ing department,  properly  cleaning  and  repairing 
the  same  and  re-conveying  to  the  car  when  fin- 
ished and  ready  for  service. 

Foreman  Painter.  His  duties  comprise  the 
determining  of  the  class  of  painting  and  the  work 
to  be  done  on  the  car  and  the  supervision  of  the 
same. 

Foreman  of  the  Cabinet  Department.  His 
duties  comprise  the  construction  of  and  repairs 
to  interior  parts  of  the  cars. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  185 

Where  the  work  of  maintaining  passenger  cars 
is  conducted  at  shops  where  freight  car  repairing 
is  performed,  the  foreman  of  the  planing  mill, 
machine  shop  and  blacksmith  shop,  necessarily 
performs  the  work  that  must  be  done  for  both 
departments,  passenger  and  freight. 

Foreman  of  Outside  Cleaning  Yards.  He  is 
located  at  terminal  stations  and  his  duties  com- 
prise the  making  of  light  and  running  repairs,  the 
cleaning  and  caring  for  cars  while  the  same  are 
in  service. 

Inspectors  at  Terminal  Stations.  His  duties 
comprise  the  general  inspection  of  all  parts  of  the 
car  for  the  purpose  of  determining  as  to  its  safety 
for  transporting  passengers  on  the  line. 

Local  Inspectors.  These  are  located  at  the 
principal  stations  along  the  line  and  their  duties 
comprise  the  inspection  of  trains  while  in  transit, 
the  lubrication  and  care  of  same,  and  making 
such  light  repairs  as  are  found  necessary. 

The  grouping  of  buildings  for  the  maintenance 
of  passenger  cars  depends  very  largely  on  the 
ground  space  and  arrangement  of  the  tracks.  A 
desirable  arrangement  is  that  which  will  bring 
them  in  such  relation  to  each  other  as  to  facili- 
tate the  transfer  of  interior  furnishings  of  the 
car  comprised  of  seats,  backs,  curtains,  carpets, 
upholstering,  etc.,  to  and  from  the  upholstering 
department;  the  parts  of  the  seats,  etc.,  to  be 
repaired  by  the  cabinet  department ;  the  doors, 
sash,  blinds,  etc.,  that  go  to  the  carpenter  shop 
for  repairs  ;  and,  finally,  convenient  facilities 


186  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

v 

for  reaching  the  varnish  room  and  the  car  on  its 
completion. 

A  sufficient  number  of  tracks  should  be  set 
aside  for  the  repairs  of  trucks  of  all  passenger 
cars  received  at  the  shops  for  repairs.  The 
trucks  should  be  removed  and  transported  to  the 
tracks  provided,  where  they  should  receive  thor- 
ough overhauling,  first  in  squaring  the  truck 
frames ;  second  the  removal  and  replacement  of 
worn  or  broken  parts;  third  the  removal  and 
replacement  of  worn  out  wheels  and  journals. 

The  introduction  of  the  air  brake  and  in  many 
cases  large  tanks  for  water  and  gas,  often  neces- 
sitates the  removal  of  the  trucks  at  the  end  of 
the  car;  one  on  either  side  of  the  shop.  When 
this  is  done,  one  truck  can  be  transported  on  the 
ordinary  car  transfer  table,  while  on  the  other 
side  there  should  be  a  ground  rail  laid  with  a 
transfer  truck  on  which  the  car  trucks  can  be 
jacked  to  a  sufficient  height  and  transported  to 
the  tracks  on  which  the  repairs  can  be  made. 

A  desirable  shop  for  the  repairs  and  painting 
of  passenger  cars  should  be  rectangular  in  shape 
and  each  track  should  hold  one  car,  the  width 
of  the  building  should  be  not  less  than  85  feet. 
The  number  of  tracks  per  shop  depends  upon 
the  ground  space  and  the  number  of  cars  to  be 
repaired.  A  well  organized  and  managed  shop 
will  turn  out  from  each  track  therein,  three 
to  four  cars  per  month  depending  on  the  number 
of  men  employed. 

It  is  desirable  that  the  carpenter  and  truck 
repairing  shops  be  provided  with  the  same  num- 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  187 

ber  of  tracks  as  are  the  paint  shops.  This  is 
especially  desirable  in  view  of  the  fact  that 
touching  up  and  varnishing  can  be  done  in  the 
carpenter  shop  when  found  advisable. 

The  car  transfer  tables  should  be  not  less  than 
65  feet  in  length,  and  operated  by  electricity 
both  in  the  movement  of  the  table  itself  and  in 
the  arrangement  for  pulling  cars  in  and  out  of 
the  shops  and  located  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
best  meet  the  location  of  the  shop  buildings. 

It  is  not  advisable  to  have  upholstering,  cab- 
inet, tin,  or  other  shops  on  the  second  floor  of 
repair  buildings,  except  when  ground  space  is  so 
limited  as  to  require  it;  danger  from  fire  is 
much  greater  in  the  case  of  two-story  structures, 
while  the  expense  of  operating  elevators  in  rais- 
ing and  lowering  material  largely  increases  the 
cost. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

LIST  OP  FORMS  BY  THE  AID  OF  WHICH  THOSE  IN 
CHARGE  ARE  ADVISED  OP  THE  NEEDS,  WORK- 
INGS AND  RESULTS  ACHIEVED  IN  THE  CAR 
DEPARTMENT. 

No  one  can  understand  the  details  and  work- 
ings of  the  department  that  looks  after  the  care 
and  maintenance  of  cars  without  studying  and 
understanding  the  forms  used  in  connection 
with  the  work.  They  are  the  far-reaching  eyes 
— the  long  distance  spectacles — through  which 
the  Superintendent  of  the  Car  Department  and 
his  assistants  scan  the  vast  and  widely  extended 
territory  over  which  the  cars  are  scattered  ;  but 
where,  nevertheless,  their  safety  and  mainte- 
nance must  be  carefully  looked  after  every  hour 
of  the  day.  This  list  is  not  exhaustive  and  may 
be  added  to  according  to  the  uses  those  in  charge 
can  make  of  such  information.  The  number  of 
cars  and  the  character  of  a  road  determine  such 
things. 

The  more  extended  and  complicated  the  area, 
the  more  need  there  is  for  aids  of  this  character 
to  watch  the  field  effectively. 

The  forms  used  by  railroad  companies  in  this 
particular  branch  of  the  service  are  not  more 
uniform  than  in  other  departments,  except  in  so 

(189) 


190  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

far  as  they  are  formulated  by  the  Master  Car 
Builders.  The  ingenuity  of  those  in  immediate 
charge  provides  for  every  emergency,  borrowing 
freely  from  other  companies  when  they  are  bet- 
ter, as  acquaintance  and  opportunity  offer. 

The  forms  used  in  the  car  department,  like  all 
those  used  by  railway  companies,  are  not  only 
extremely  interesting  for  the  specific  things  they 
cover,  but  also  for  the  things  they  suggest.  They 
are  such  as  practical  experience  has  demon- 
strated to  be  useful  in  the  economy  of  the  ser- 
vice. They  are  very  simple — like  all  railway 
blanks — being  designed  to  save  clerical  work 
and  at  the  same  time  convey  the  maximum 
amount  of  information  within  the  smallest  pos- 
sible compass.  All  those  enumerated  below 
(samples  of  which  follow)  relate  directly  to  work 
connected  with  the  great  branch  of  the  service 
devoted  to  the  Ooeration,  Care  and  Maintenance 
of  Cars.  • 


C.  D.  1.  REQUISITION  FOE  AND  INVOICE  OF  MATE- 
EIAL.  (Used  for  two  different  purposes.) 

C.  D.     1-A.     NOTICE  OF  MATEEIAL  OEDEEED. 

C.  D.     1-B.    BECOED  OF  MATEEIAL  OEDEEED. 

(The  above  three   forms   are  written  simultaneously 
by  use  of  carbons.) 

C.  D.  2.  FOEEMAN'S  OEDEE  FOE  MATEEIAL  EEQUIEED 
FOB  IMMEDIATE  USE. 

C.  D.  3.  FOBEMAN  'S  MONTHLY  EEPOET  TO  SUPERIN- 
TENDENT OF  CAB  DEPAETMENT  OF  OIL  AND 
WASTE  USED  IN  CAE  DEPAETMENT. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  191 

C.  D.  4.  MONTHLY  STATEMENT  OF  COMPAEATIVE 
QUANTITY  AND  COST  OF  OIL,  WASTE  AND 
TALLOW  USED  ON  CAES. 

C.  D.  5.  FOBEMAN'S  MONTHLY  EEPORT  TO  SUPEBIN. 
TENDENT  OF  CAE  DEPARTMENT  OF  PAR 
TICULAES  OF  STEEL  TIEED  WHEELS  AP- 
PLIED TO  OR  EEMOVED  FEOM  CAES. 

C.  D.  6.  FOEEMAN'S  MONTHLY  EEPOET  TO  SUPEEIN- 
TENDENT  OF  CAE  DEPAETMENT  OF  PAE- 
TICULAES  OF  CAST  IEON  WHEELS  EEMOVED 
FEOM  PASSENGER  CAES. 

C.  D.  7.  MONTHLY  EEPOET  OF  SUPEEINTENDENT  OF 
CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  GROSS  NUMBEB 
OF  DEFECTIVE  CAST  IEON  PASSENGER 
WHEELS  REMOVED,  AND  THE  NAMES  OF 
THE  MANUFACTURERS. 

C.  D.  8.  FOREMAN'S  MONTHLY  EEPOET  TO  SUPER- 
INTENDENT OF  CAE  DEPAETMENT  OF  PAE- 
TICULABS  OF  WHEELS  EEMOVED  FROM 
FREIGHT  CAES. 

C.  D.  9.  MONTHLY  EEPORT  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF 
CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  GROSS  NUMBER 
OF  DEFECTIVE  FREIGHT  WHEELS  RE- 
MOVED, AND  THE  NAMES  OF  THE  MANU- 
FACTURERS. 

C.  D.  10.  MONTHLY  REPORT  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF 
CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  WHEELS  THAT  HAVE 
FAILED  TO  MEET  THE  GUARANTEES  OF 
MANUFACTUEEES. 

C.  D.  11.  FOEEMAN'S  DAILY  EEPOET  TO  SUPERIN- 
TENDENT OF  CAR  DEPAETMENT  OF  PAR- 
TICULABS  OF  STEEL  TIEED  CAE  WHEELS 
TUENED. 


L92          SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.  D.  12.  INSPECTOR'S  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT 
OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  PARTICULARS  OF 
FLAT  WHEELS  UNDER  PASSENGER  CARS. 

C.  D.  13.  INSPECTOR'S  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT 
OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  PARTICULARS  OF 
HOT  BOXES. 

C.  D.  14.  FOREMAN'S  WEEKLY  REPORT  TO  SUPERIN- 
TENDENT OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  CYLIN- 
DERS AND  TRIPLE  VALVES  CLEANED  AND 
OILED. 

C.  D.  15.  CAR  REPAIRER'S  REPORT  OF  PARTICULARS 
OF  SPECIAL  REPAIRS  MADE  ALONG  THE 
LINE. 

C.  D.  1514.  INSPECTOR'S  "BAD  ORDER"  CARD— TO  BE 
ATTACHED  TO  CARS  NEEDING  REPAIRS. 

C.  D.  16.  FOREMAN'S  DAILY  REPORT  TO  SUPERIN- 
TENDENT OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  CARS 
DAMAGED  IN  SWITCHING. 

C.  D.  17.  FOREMAN'S  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT 
OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  PARTICULARS 
OF  CONDEMNED  AND  WORNOUT  CARS. 

C.  D.  18.  REPORT  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR  DE- 
PARTMENT TO  YARD  MASTER  OF  CARS 
READY  FOR  SERVICE  IN  REPAIR  YARD. 

C.  D.  19.  REPAIR  YARD  FOREMAN'S  DAILY  REPORT  TO 
SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT 
OF  CARS  IN  REPAIR  YARD  READY  FOR  SERV- 
ICE, NOT  INCLUDING  FOREIGN  CARS. 

C.  D.  20.  REPAIR  YARD  FOREMAN'S  DAILY  REPORT  TO 
SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT 
OF  FOREIGN  CARS  IN  REPAIR  YARD  READY 
FOR  SERVICE. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.          193 

0.  D.  21.  DAILY  EEPOET  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR 
DEPARTMENT  TO  CAR  SERVICE  AGENT  OF 
FREIGHT  CARS  RECEIVED  FOR  REPAIRS, 
AND  CARS  REPAIRED  AND  READY  FOR 
SERVICE. 

C.  D.  22.  REPORT  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  PARTICULARS  OF  NEW 
EQUIPMENT  RECEIVED. 

C.  D.  23.  WEEKLY  REPORT  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF 
CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  PARTICULARS  OF 
CARS  DESTROYED. 

C.  D.  24.  REPAIR  YARD  FOREMAN'S  DAILY  REPORT  TO 
SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT 
OF  REPAIRED  AND  BAD  ORDER  CARS  ON 
HAND. 

C.  D.  25.  DAILY  REPORT  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR 
DEPARTMENT  OF  REPAIRED  AND  BAD  OR- 
DER CARS  ON  HAND. 

C.  D.  26.  SEMI-WEEKLY  REPORT  OF  SUPERINTENDENT 
OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  PASSENGER  AND 
FREIGHT  CARS  TO  BE  REPAIRED  OB  RE- 
BUILT. 

C.  D.  27.  WEEKLY  REPORT  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF 
CAR  DEPARTMENT  TO  CAR  SERVICE  AGENT 
OF  PARTICULARS  OF  PASSENGER  CARS  TO 
BE  REPAIRED  OR  REBUILT. 

C.  D.  28.  MONTHLY  REPORT  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF 
CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  PARTICULARS  OF 
PASSENGER  CARS  REPAIRED  AND  BE- 
PAINTED. 

C.  D.  29.  FOREMAN 'S  WEEKLY  REPORT  TO  SUPERIN- 
TENDENT OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  PAR- 
T^CULABS  OF  BEPAJRS  M£DE  QN  FREIGHT 
CABS. 


194  SCIENCE  OF  RAIL  WA  FS. 

C.  D.  30.  WEEKLY  EEPOET  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF 
CAE  DEPARTMENT  OF  PARTICULARS  OF  RE- 
PAIRS MADE  ON  FREIGHT  GARS  AT  VARI- 
OUS POINTS. 

C.  D.  31.  SHOP  FOREMAN'S  MONTHLY  REPORT  TO  SU- 
PERINTENDENT OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF 
MATERIAL  USED  AND  LABOR  PERFORMED 
ON  REPAIRS  OF  SLEEPING  CARS. 

C.  D.  32.  FOREMAN'S  MONTHLY  REPORT  TO  SUPERIN- 
TENDENT  OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  SLEEP- 
ING CARS  CLEANED. 

C.  D.  33.  MONTHLY  SUMMARY  OF  SUPERINTENDENT 
OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  PARTICULAR 
SLEEPING  CARS  CLEANED  ON  EACH  DAY 
OF  THE  MONTH. 

C.  D.  34.  INSPECTOR'S  DAILY  REPORT  TO  SUPERIN- 
TENDENT OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  PAR- 
TICULARS OF  PASSENGER  CARS  RECEIVED 
FROM  AND  DELIVERED  TO  FOREIGN  LINES. 

C.  D.  35.  FOREMAN'S  MONTHLY  REPORT  TO  SUPERIN- 
TENDENT OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  MATE- 
RIAL USED  AND  LABOR  PERFORMED  ON  RE- 
PAIRS OF  PASSENGER  EQUIPMENT  IN  JOINT 
-.  .  SERVICE. 

C.  D.  36.  FOREMAN'S  DAILY  REPORT  TO  SUPERIN- 
TENDENT -  OF  CAE  DEPAETMENT  OF 
AMOUNT  OF  GAS  SUPPLIED  TO  CARS. 

C.  D.  37.  FOREMAN'S  MONTHLY  REPORT  TO  SUPERIN- 
TENDENT OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  OPERA- 
TION OF  PINTSCH  GAS  PLANT: 

C..D..  38.  WORKMAN'S.  DAILY  RECORD  OF  DISTRIBU- 
--  •  •  TION  XDF  LABOR  ON  MANUFACTURED  MATE- 

RIAL. .-•.; 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  195 

C.  D.  39.  WORKMAN'S  DAILY  EEPORT  OF  DISTRIBU- 
TION OF  SHOP  LABOR, 

C.  D.  40.  FOREMAN'S  REPORT  OF  PIECE  WORK  PER- 
FORMED BY  EACH  EMPLOYE. 

C.  D.  41.  GENERAL  TIME  BOOK;  PARTICULARS  OF 
HOURS  WORKED  BY  EACH  MAN;  RATE  OF 
PAY;  WAGES;  AND  ON  WHAT  LABOR  WAS 
EXPENDED. 

C.  D.  42.  FOREMAN'S  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT 
OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  OVERTIME  AL- 
LOWED. 

C.  D.  43.  FOREMAN'S  MONTHLY  REPORT  TO  SUPER- 
INTENDENT OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  MEN 
HIRED  AND  DISMISSED. 

C.  D.  44.  FORM  OF  APPLICATION  (IN  DUPLICATE)  FOR 
EMPLOYMENT. 

C.  D.  45.  FORM  OF  REFERENCE  BLANK  TO  BE  USED  IN 
INVESTIGATING  THE  RECORD  OF  APPLI- 
CANTS FOR  EMPLOYMENT. 

C.  D.  46.  FORM  OF  BLANK  USED  BY  SUPERINTENDENT 
OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  IN  ADVISING  FORE- 
MEN AND  OTHERS  OF  PERSONS  ELIGIBLE 
FOR  EMPLOYMENT. 

C.  D.  47.     MASTER  CAR  BUILDERS '  DEFECT  CARD. 

C.  D.  48.  INSPECTOR'S  MONTHLY  REPORT  TO  SUPER- 
INTENDENT OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  MAS- 
TER CAR  BUILDERS'  DEFECT  CARDS  ISSUED. 

C.  D.  49.  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  REPAIRS  TO  FOREIGN  CARS 
ACCOUNT  MASTER  CAR  BUILDERS'  DEFECT 
CARDS. 

C.  D.  50.     MASTER  CAR  BUILDERS'  REPAIR  CARD. 


196          SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.  D.  51.  REPORT  OF  JOURNAL  BEARINGS,  AIR  BRAKE 
HOSE  AND  KNUCKLES  APPLIED  TO  FOR- 
EIGN FREIGHT  CARS  BY  TRAINMEN. 

C.  D.  52.  FOREMAN'S  REPORT  (IN  DUPLICATE)  TO  SU- 
PERINTENDENT OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF 
PARTICULARS  OF  WHEELS  REMOVED  FROM 
AND  APPLIED  TO  FOREIGN  CARS. 

C.  D.  53.  BILL  AGAINST  INDIVIDUALS,  FIRMS  AND 
CORPORATIONS. 

C.  D.  54.  JOINT  EVIDENCE  CARD. 

C.  D.  55.  SHOP  FOREMAN 'S  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTEND- 
ENT OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  PABTICU- 
LARS  OF  BRAKES,  TRUCKS,  ETC.,  UNDER 
PASSENGER  CARS  RECEIVING  REPAIRS. 

C.  D.  56.  RECORD  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  PASSENGER  CARS. 

C.  D.  57.  RECORD  OF  SUPERINTENDENT.  OF  CAR  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  FREIGHT  CARS. 

C.  D.  58.  THE  "A"  CARD.— INSPECTOR 'S  NOTICE  TO 
BE  ATTACHED  TO  CARS  NEEDING  LIGHT 
REPAIRS. 

C.  D.  59.  THE  "B"  CARD.— INSPECTOR 'S  NOTICE  TO 
BE  ATTACHED  TO  CARS  NEEDING  MEDIUM 
REPAIRS. 

C.  D.  60.  THE  "C"  CARD.— INSPECTOR 'S  NOTICE  TO 
BE  ATTACHED  TO 'CARS  NEEDING  HEAVY 
REPAIRS. 

C.  D.  61.  INSPECTOR'S  NOTICE  ("O.  K.  CARD")  TO  BE 
ATTACHED  TO  CARS  READY  FOR  SERVICE. 

C.  D.  62.  INSPECTOR'S  CARD  FOR  FREIGHT  CARS 
EQUIPPED  WITH  OIL  HEATERS. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  197 

C.  D.  63.  INSPECTOR'S  CARD  FOR  CARS  LOADED  WITH 
INFLAMMABLE  MATERIAL. 

C.  D.  64.    HOME  ROUTE  CARD. 

C.  D.  65.     PENALTY   CARD. 

C.  D.  66.  REPORT  OF  INSPECTION  OF  CARS  AFTER  AN 
ACCIDENT  TO  EMPLOYES  OR  OTHERS. 

C.  D.  67.     DISTRIBUTION  BLANK  FOR  MATERIAL  USED. 

C.  D.  68.  DISTRIBUTION  BLANK  FOR  LABOR  PER- 
FORMED. 


198  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


REQUISITION  FOR  AND  INVOICE  OF  MATERIAL. 

C.  D.  Form  1. 

NOTICE  OF  MATERIAL  ORDERED. 
RECORD  OF  MATERIAL  ORDERED. 


C.  D.  Foiml-B. 


These  ingenious  blanks  are  used  in  ordering 
and  handling  material,  and  serve  a  four-fold  pur- 
pose. There  are  three  forms  as  specified  above, 
viz.:  "Requisition  for  and  Invoice  of  material" 
(used  for  two  different  purposes,)  "Notice  of 
material  ordered,"  and  "Record  of  material  or- 
dered." 

With  the  use  of  carbon  sheets  these  forms  are 
written  simultaneously,  thus  saving  time  and 
clerical  labor. 

The  first  form,  No.  1  is  sent  to  the  official  to 
whom  it  is  addressed  (and  is  afterwards  used  as 
an  Invoice);  the  second  is  sent  to  the  party  who 
is  to  receive  the  material;  and  the  third  is  re- 
tained for  an  office  record. 

The  three  forms  (illustrated  herein)  are  num- 
bered respectively  "C.  D.  1,"  "C.  D.  1— A,"  and 
"C.  D.  1— B." 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  199 

C.  D.  Form  1 . 
REQUISITION  FOR  AND  INVOICE  OF  MATERIAL. 


Requisition    No.. 


Dear  Sir:— Requisition  is  hereby  made  for  the  Material  called  for  below. 

Please  send  without  delay  to at 

and  send  the  Invoice  to at. 


Certified  to 

Date, 

19 

Date, 

19 

Certified  to 

Date, 

19 

Approved: 

Date. 

19  . 

NOTE. — This  blank  should  be  used  in  ordering  material — the  quantity 
"  Now  on  hand ".  "Due  on  previous  requisitions  "  and  "  Additional  quantity 
wanted",  and  "Kind  of  material"  being  entered  in  the  proper  places  by 
the  person  making  the  requisition. 

Upon  receipt  of  the  requisition,  properly  approved,  the  official  upun 
whom  it  is  drawn  will  forward  the  material  in  accordance  with  the  direc- 
tions given  above.  A  record  of  any  items  which  cannot  be  supplied  at  once 
should  be  made,  such  material  to  be  shipped  as  soon  as  possible,  and  the 
person  making  the  requisition  promptly  notified  of  the  probable  date  of 
shipment. 

All  items  shipped  should  be  invoiced  (on  this  blank)  to  the  proper  per- 
son, as  directed  above,  showing  date  and  initials  and  number  of  car  in  which 
shipped,  and  quantity,  price  and  amount  in  the  spaces  provided.  Before 
forwarding  the  invoice,  a  tissue  copy  of  it  should  be  taken  in  a  record  book 
by  the  storekeeper,  or  official  filling  the  requisition. 

The  person  receiving  the  invoice  should  refar  it  to  the  person  to  whom 
the  material  was  shipped— who  should  compare  it  with  the  record  of  ma- 
terial received,  and  in  the  event  of  error  or  omission,  or  in  case  there  is  any 
variation  or  deficiency,  either  in  quality  or  quantity,  the  account  must  be 
corrected  accordingly  and  the  person  tilling  up  the  invoice  notified. 


Quantity  of  Material 

Kind  of  Material 

Invoice  of 
Material  Shipped 

Date  No.  Car  
Initials 

Now  on 
hand 

Due  on 

previous 
requisi- 
tions 

Addi- 
tional 
quantity 
wanted 

In  ordering  material, 
please  keep  within 
space  set  apart  below 

uantity 

Price 

Amount 

300 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  D.  Form  1— A. 


NOTICE  OF  MATERIAL  ORDERED. 


Requisition  No.. 


The  material  called  for  below  has  been  ordered  from  above  named  official 
to  be  sent  to at 

and  to  be  invoiced  to at 

NOTE.— This  notice  will  be  sent  to  the 
person  who  is  to  receive  the  material.       Signed: 
for  his  information  and  use  in  checking 
the  material  when  received.  Date,  19 


Quantity  of  Material 

KIND  OF  MATERIAL 

Material  received 

Now  on 
hand 

Due  on 
previ- 
ous 
requi- 
sitions 

Addi- 
tional 
quan- 
tity 
wanted 

Qu»n- 
tlty 

Date 

Car 

Invoice 
checked 

' 

SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


201 

C.D.  Form  1-B. 


RECORD  OF  MATERIAL  ORDERED. 


Requisition  No.. 


Record  of  material  ordered  from  above  named  official 


to  be  sent  to_ 


and  to  be  invoiced  to ai 

NOTE.— This  copy  will  bo  retained      Signed; 
as  a  record  by  the  person  making  the 

Requisition  and  must  be  filed  in  con-    

secuti  ve  order  according  to  the  num ber. 


QUANTITY  OF  MATERIAL 

KIND  or 

MATERIAL, 

INVOICE   CHECKED 

Now 
on 
hand 

Due  on 
previous 
requisi- 
tions 

Additional 
quantity 
wanted 

Invoice 
from 

Date  of 
receipt 

Date 
checked 

, 

202  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.  D.  Form  2. 

FOREMAN'S  ORDER   FOR  MATERIAL  REQUIRED  FOR 
IMMEDIATE  USE. 

This  form,  or  one  answering  a  similar  pur- 
pose, is  used  in  ordering  material  from  store- 
houses to  be  used  in  repairs  and  for  current  work 
in  and  about  the  shops,  and  repair  sheds.  The 
order  should  be  dated  and  specify  in  detail  the 
articles  required,  quantity,  and  the  account  to 
which  the  material  is  to  be  charged. 

The  "Weight,"  "Price,"  and  "Amount"  col- 
umns should  not  be  filled  in  by  the  person  order- 
ing the  material,  as  this  is  done  by  the  store- 
keeper. The  order  will  then  furnish  all  the 
information  necessary  for  writing  up  the  accounts. 

Orders  for  material  to  be  used  for  making 
articles  manufactured  at  the  shops  of  a  company, 
may  be  printed  on  colored  paper  to  distinguish 
them  readily  from  orders  for  material  to  be  used 
for  other  purposes. 

The  stub  attached  to  the  order  is  to  be  filled 
up  by  the  person  ordering  the  material  and  re- 
tained as  a  record  to  be  used  in  checking  the 
material  when  received.  Or,  what  would  per- 
haps be  preferable,  a  carbon  may  be  used  and  a 
record  in  that  way  secured,  thus  saving  the 
clerical  work  of  writing  up  the  stub.  The  prac- 
tice of  using  a  carbon  sheet  to  secure  a  copy  may 
be  followed  advantageously  in  every  case  in  place 
of  a  stub  or  other  similar  form  of  record.  It  not 
only  saves  work  but  secures  an  absolutely  per- 
fect record. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


204  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  D.  Form  3. 

FOREMAN'S  MONTHLY  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT 
OP  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  OIL  AND  WASTE 
USED  IN  CAR  DEPARTMENT. 

This  report  shows  the  amount  of  oil  and  waste 
used  during  the  month  at  each  distributing  point, 
for  various  purposes. 

In  addition  to  affording  the  Superintendent  of 
the  Car  Department  valuable  information,  it  is 
also  used  in  compiling  the  monthly  oil  and  waste 
report. 

It  is  the  practice  of  railway  companies  to  scru- 
tinize the  consumption  of  oil  and  other  lubri- 
cants with  the  utmost  watchfulness,  and  to  en- 
force, in  every  way  possible,  economy  and  ap- 
proved practices  in  their  care  and  use.  This 
report  is  one  of  the  means  qf  accomplishing  this. 


SUPERVISION 


OF  CARS. 


205 


FOREMAN'S  MONTHLY  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  OIL 
AND  WASTE  USED  IN  CAR  DEPARTMENT. 

A  f  Station,  during  the  month  of  .  19 

tement  Is  to  be  compiled  promptly  at  the  end  of  tho  month  by  the  foreman  nt  each  point  where  oil 
burned  and  forwarded  to  the  superintendent  of  car  department.  The  amount  "  on  hand  last  day  of 
ual  the  amount  "  on  hand  last  report  "  plus  the  amount  "received  during  current  month  "  nfter  deduct- 
during  tho  current  month  "  for  the  purposes  specified. 

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SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  D.  Form  4. 

MONTHLY  STATEMENT  OP  COMPARATIVE  QUANTITY 
AND  COST  OF  OIL,  WASTE  AND  TALLOW  USED 
ON  CARS. 

NOTE. — This  interesting  and  valuable  state- 
ment is  compiled  from  the  returns  of  foremen 
(C.  D.  3).  It  should  be  made  as  soon  after  the 
close  of  the  month  as  practicable  and  forwarded 
to  the  various  officers  interested  in  the  valuable 
information  it  furnishes. 

The  blank  may  also  be  used  in  compiling  sim- 
ilar information  for  a  year  or  any  number  of 
months  grouped  together,  for  which  compari- 
sons are  desired. 

The  various  columns  of  the  form  explain  their 
uses  respectively  and  the  importance  of  the  in- 
formation conveyed. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  207 

C.  D.  Form  4. 

MONTHLY  STATEMENT  OF  COMPARATIVE  QUANTITY 

AND  COST  OF  OIL,  WASTE  AND  TALLOW 

USED   ON  CARS. 

PASSENGER  CARS. 


NUMBER  OF 

NUMBER  OF 

MILES  RUN  TO  ONE 

COST  PER  1000  MLS.  FOR 

MILES 

Gals,  oil 

Lbs.  waste 

Gal.  oil 

Lb.  waste 

Oil 

Waste 

19 

19 

Increase 

Decrease, 

FREIGHT  CARS. 


NUMBER  OF 

NUMBER  OF 

MILES   RUN   TO  ONE 

COST  PERI  000  MLS.FOR 

MILES 

Gals,  oil 

Lbs.  waste 

Gal.  oil 

Lb.  wast. 

Oil 

Waste 

19 

19 

Increase 

Decrease, 

PASSENGER  CAI 


.     19... 

19... 

INCREASE 

DECREASE 

Amount 

Cost 

Amount 

Cost 

Amount 

Cost. 

Amount 

Cost 

Tallow, 

Oil, 

Waste, 

FREIGHT  CARS. 


19 

..19. 

INCR 

ASE 

DECR 

:ASE 

Amount 

Cost 

Amount 

Cost 

Amount 

Cost 

Amount 

Cost 

Oil, 
Waste, 

TOTAL,  19 

19 


In 19   ,  Car  Oil  was  *      per  gallon;  Waste  9      and  Tallow  I      perlb. 

In 19    ,  Car  Oil  was  8      per  gallon;  Waste  8      and  Tallow!      per  Ib. 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  D.  Form5. 

FOREMAN'S  MONTHLY  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT 
OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  PARTICULARS  OF 
STEEL  TIRED  WHEELS  APPLIED  TO  OR  RE- 
MOVED FROM  CARS. 

The  purpose  of  this  report  is  to  secure  a  record 
in  the  office  of  the  Superintendent  of  Car  Depart- 
ment of  the  duration  of  service  of  steel  tired 
wheels. 

When  wheels  are  removed  it  is  important  that 
the  actual  cause  of  removal  should  be  accurately 
given. 

Particulars  of  wheels  applied  must  also  be 
carefully  shown  in  this  report  in  accordance  with 
the  requirements  of  the  blank. 

In  this  way  the  records  will  always  show  the 
particulars  of  service  of  every  steel  tired  wheel 
in  use. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


209 


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REPORT  TO 
!EL  TIRED  WH 

shons. 

forwarded  on  the  fi 
car  wheels  that  hav 

3  REMOVED 

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NOTE.—  1 
and  must  im 
separately. 

UI 

i 

210  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C,  D.  Form  6. 

FOREMAN'S  MONTHLY  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT 
OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OP  PARTICULARS  OF  CAST 
IRON  WHEELS  REMOVED  FROM  PASSENGER  CARS. 

The  value  of  car  wheels  is  determined  by  the 
work  they  perform — the  load  they  carry  and  the 
number  of  miles  they  run.  Many  of  the  wheels 
sold  to  railway  companies  are  guaranteed  (save 
from  certain  specified  causes  of  failure)  for 
specified  periods,  or,  rather — specifically — for  a 
certain  number  of  miles. 

In  order  to  test  the  relative  worth  of  wheels, 
and  also  to  see  that  guarantees  are  fulfilled  it  is 
necessary  to  keep  an  accurate  record  of  every 
wheel,  the  date  it  was  put  in  service,  when  re- 
moved, cause  of  the  latter,  mileage  made,  and, 
incidentally,  the  availability  of  wheel  for  use  in 
freight  service. 

The  accompanying  form  is  intended  to  afford 
this  data.  The  information  is  afterwards  used 
by  the  Superintendent  of  Car  Department  in 
generalizing  the  service  so  far  as  the  use  of  cast 
iron  wheels  is  concerned,  as  see  form  C.  D.  7. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


211 


~a 

§2 


II 

CO  t> 


department  on  the  first  day  of  each  month 
ling  month.  In  reporting  defective  wheels 
read;  seam.-'  in  tread;  comby;  worn  hollow, 
side  or  outside  plate;  broken  flange  or  rim; 
used  in  freight  service. 

!|t 

fill  | 

if 

(on  this  form)  is  to  be  sent  to  the  superintendent  of  car 
ron  wheel  removed  from  passengi-r  cats  during  the  prece 
o  designate  defects  accurately:  whether  shelled  out  on  t 
irp  flange;  burst  (i.  «.,  cracked  from  axle  out);  cracked  in 
ould  also  be  taken  to  state  whether  or  not  wheels  can  be 

i 

1 

£ 

id 

uj       5 

°  i 

t- 

oc 

Hill 

„,    ui 

5»| 

5      I 

i 

212  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  D.  Form  7. 

MONTHLY  REPORT  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR 
DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  GROSS  NUMBER  OF  DE- 
FECTIVE CAST  IRON  PASSENGER  WHEELS  RE- 
MOVED AND  THE  NAMES  OF  THE  MANUFAC- 
TURERS. 

This  form  is  used  for  compiling,  for  the  whole 
road,  information  contained  in  form  C.  D.  6. 
The  purpose  as  therein  explained  is  to  ascertain 
the  service  the  wheels  have  performed;  by  whom 
wheels  were  made;  and  the  relative  worth  of 
wheels. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


213 


0  25 


214  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  D.  Form  8. 

FOREMAN'S  MONTHLY  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT 
OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  PARTICULARS  OF 
WHEELS  REMOVED  FROM  FREIGHT  CARS. 

The  purpose  of  this  report  is  to  obtain  a  record 
of  the  number  of  wheels  removed  on  account  of 
defects  specified  on  the  form,  and  the  length  of 
service  of  the  wheels  ;  this  for  comparison  month 
by  month  and  year  by  year  to  ascertain  improve- 
ments and  deteriorations ;  also  for  computation 
of  length  of  service  in  order  to  ascertain  if  the 
wheels  have  fulfilled  the  guarantees  of  makers. 

Slid  flat  and  sharp  flange  wheels,  it  is  to  be 
noted,  do  not  usually  come  within  the  guarantees, 
as  these  defects  are  commonly  caused  by  con- 
ditions for  which  the  railway  company  is  respon- 
sible and  wheelmakers  therefore  refuse  to  in- 
clude such  defects  in  their  guarantees. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


215 


le  superintendent  of  car  department  on  the  first  day  of  each  month  for  all 
the  preceding  month.  In  reporting  defective  wheels  care  must  be  taken  to 
lied  out  on  tread;  seams  in  tread;  comby;  worn  hollow;  flat  from  sliding; 
e  out);  cracked  inside  or  outside  plate;  broken  flange  or  rim,  etc.,  etc.  In 
xle  is  defective,  the  defective  wheel  only  should  be  reported. 

CAUSE  OF  REMOVAL 

H 

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NOTE.-This  report  is  to  be  s< 
wheels  removed  from  freight  cars 
designate  defects  accurately:  whet 
sharp  flange;  burst  (i.  e.,  cracked  f 
cases  where  only  one  of  the  wheels 

5°f 

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216  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  D.  Form  9. 

MONTHLY  REPORT  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  THE  GROSS  NUMBER  OF  DEFEC- 
TIVE FREIGHT  WHEELS  REMOVED  AND  THE 
NAMES  OF  THE  MANUFACTURERS. 

This  form  is  used  for  compiling  for  the  sys- 
tem, the  information  contained  in  form  C.  D.  8. 
The  purpose  is  to  sum  up  the  service  the  wheels 
have  performed;  names  of  makers;  and  the  com- 
parative worth  of  different  wheels. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


217 


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218  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.  D.  Form  10. 

MONTHLY  REPORT  OP  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  WHEELS  THAT  HAVE  FAILED  TO 
MEET  THE  GUARANTEES  OF  MANUFACTURERS. 

The  purpose  of  this  report  is  to  furnish  infor- 
mation for  use  in  making  bills  against  manufac- 
turers for  wheels  that  have  failed  to  fulfill  the 
guarantees.  The  items  to  be  included  are  the 
deficiency  for  each  wheel;  also  the  cost  of  re- 
moving the  wheel  from  the  axle.  The  cost  of 
removing  passenger  wheels  is,  we  will  say,  75c 
each;  and  of  freight  wheels  say  50c  each.  The 
rate  of  deficiency  is  figured  on  the  following 
basis:  From  the  cost  of  the  new  wheel  is  deducted 
the  amount  received  for  the  wheel  as  scrap.  The 
difference  represents  the  net  cost  of  the  wheel 
for  the  length  of  service  for  which  it  is  guaran- 
teed. The.  value  of  the  full  period  being  thus 
ascertained,  the  amount  to  be  billed  against  the 
manufacturer  for  the  deficiency  is  computed 
proportionately.  For  example:  a  33  inch — 750 
Ib.  freight  wheel  is  guaranteed,  we  will  suppose, 
for  seventy-two  months. 

Value  of  new  wheel,        -          -        $8.00 

Less  scrap  value,     -        -          -         3.68 

Net  value,     -   ~  •  -          -      "$4.82 

$4.32  divided  by  72  months  equals  6  cents  per 
month.  If  the  wheel  was  in  service  thirty 
months,  the  difference  between  seventy-two 
months  and  thirty  months  (forty-two  months) 
multiplied  by  .06c  per  month  will  give  the 
amount  of  the  deficiency,  which  is  $2.52,  the 
amount  to  be  included  in  the  bill,  plus  the  50c 
for  removal;  or  a  total  of  $3.02. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


219 


C.  D.Form  10. 
MONTHLY  REPORT  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  WHEELS  THAT 
HAVE  FAILED  TO  MEET  THE  GUARANTEES  OF  MANUFACTURERS. 

Defective  wheels  removed  from  cars  during  the  month  of  19 

Manufactured  by 

tment  and  forwarded  to  the  officials  inter- 
3  can  be  obtained.  All  case  iron  passenger 
ng  to  make  their  time  guarantee  are  included 
shown  and  bill  made  by  the  proper  officer 

CAUSE  OF  REMOVAL 

DEFICIENCY 

| 

5 

J 

SERVICE 

\ 

\ 

m 

s!ij 
*!!! 

1 

I 

: 

ipiled  by  the  superintendent 
3  following  month  as  the  T 
ige  guarantee,  and  all  freigh 
,  for  each  wheel  that,  has  fai 
totai  deiiciency. 

0 

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220  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  D.  Form  11. 

FOREMAN'S  DAILY  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT  OF 
CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  PARTICULARS  OF  STEEL 
TIRED  CAR  WHEELS  TURNED. 

This  form  is  filled  up  partly  by  the  shop  fore- 
man and  partly  by  the  superintendent.  Its  pur- 
pose is  to  enable  the  Superintendent  of  Car  De- 
partment to  keep  a  record  in  his  office  of  each 
steel  tired  wheel  turned.  There  is  usually  no 
guarantee  on  steel  tired  wheels,  but  if  they  prove 
defective  within  an  unreasonably  short  time  the 
makers  will,  as  a  rule,  allow  a  credit  for  the 
defective  wheel  when  exchanged  for  a  new  one. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


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SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  D.  Form  12. 

INSPECTOR'S  KEPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR 
DEPARTMENT  OP  PARTICULARS  OF  FLAT  WHEELS 
UNDER  PASSENGER  CARS. 

One  object  of  this  report  is  to  locate  for  sub- 
sequent investigation  any  carelessness  that  may 
exist  in  the  use  of  air  brakes.  After  being  scru- 
tinized by  the  Superintendent  of  Car  Department 
the  report  is  forwarded  to  the  General  Air  Brake 
Instructor  for  investigation. 

The  name  of  the  road  furnishing  "defect" 
card,  (when  there  are  slid  flat  wheels  under  cars 
delivered  by  another  company)  shows  against 
whom  bill  is  to  be  rendered  for  wheels  that  are 
applied  in  place  of  those  that  are  defective. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


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224  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  D.  Form  13. 

INSPECTOR'S  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR 
DEPARTMENT  OF  PARTICULARS  OF  HOT  BOXES. 

One  object  of  this  report  is  to  enable  the  super- 
intendent to  investigate  the  conditions  under 
which  hot  boxes  occur;  and  through  such  inves- 
tigation prevent  future  like  occurrences  when 
practicable.  In  regard  to  the  proviso  that  re- 
ports need  not  be  made  if  no  delay  to  train  occurs, 
practices  differ,  some  companies  requiring  a  re- 
port in  practically  every  case. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


225 


C.D.  FormI3. 
INSPECTOR'S  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  PARTICULARS 
OF  HOT  BOXES. 

At  Dat.fi  19 

t  be  forwarded  immediately  by  the  inspector  to  the  superintendent  of  car  department  when- 
boxes.  The  actual  time  of  delay,  in  minutes,  must  be  shown.  When  hot  boxes  occur,  but 
>  report  need  be  made. 

1 

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NOTE.— 
ever  a  delay  i 
no  delay  to  tr 

NO.  OF 

TRAIN 

226  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  D.  Form  14. 

FOREMAN'S  WEEKLY  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT 
OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  CYLINDERS  AND  TRIPLE 
VALVES  CLEANED  AND  OILED. 

The  purpose  of  this  report  is  to  advise  the 
Superintendent  of  Car  Department  of  work  per- 
formed in  cleaning  cylinders  and  triple  valves  of 
air  brake  equipment  and  testing  and  adjusting 
air  brakes. 

Comparisons  are  also  made  from  time  to  time 
to  ascertain  at  what  points  this  class  of  work  has 
increased  or  decreased. 

A  record  is  kept  by  the  superintendent  of  each 
car  cleaned  in  order  that  the  work  may  be  scru- 
tinized in  detail  and  due  efficiency  maintained. 


SUPERVISION  OF  GARS.  227 

C.  0.  Form  14. 

FOREMAN'S  WEEKLY  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT  OF 

CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  CYLINDERS  AND  TRIPLE 

VALVES  CLEANED  AND  OILED. 


At. 


.Station.      For  the  week  ending. 


JflL 


NOTB.— A  report  of  this  nature  must  be  forwarded  to  the  superintendent 
of  car  department  by  the  foreman  for  all  cylinders  and  triple  valves  cleaned 
and  oiled,  and  air  brakes  tested  and  adjusted. 


Date  of  previous  cleaning  as 
stenciled 


228  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.  0.  Form  15. 

(See  form  15',  below.) 

CAR  REPAIRER  S  REPORT  OF  PARTICULARS  OF  SPECIAL 
REPAIRS  MADE  ALONG  THE  LINE. 

NOT».— A  blank  of  this  form  is  to  be  attached  to  the  order  directing  a  car 
repairer  to  go  out  on  the  road  10  make  repairs. 

It  is  intended  to  furnish  the  information  necessary  to  a  proper  super- 
vision over  the  doings  of  such  car  repairers. 


Date. 

Time  consumed  in 
going  and  coming. 

Time  consumed  in 
doing  the  work. 

been  forwarded  by 
being  chained? 

NATURE  OF  REPAIRS  MADE. 


C.  D.  FormlBtf. 

INSPECTOR'S  "BAD  ORDER"  CARD— TO  BE  ATTACHED 
TO  CARS  NEEDING  REPAIRS. 

NOTE. — In  case  cars  are  damaged  along  the  line  or  at  points  where  no 
provision  is  made  for  repairing,  it  is  desirable  to  get  them  to  repair  yards 
where  the  work  can  be  done  effectively  and  economically  rather  than  to  send 
repairers  out  on  the  line  especially  to  do  the  work. 

This  card  (printed  on  heavy  red  card-board  in  conspicuous  type)  is  used 
more  particularly  along  the  line  than  at  shops,  where  other  provision  is 
made.  It  is  attached  to  the  sides  of  the  cars  to  prevent  cars  being  loaded, 
and  to  designate  the  point  to  which  the  cars  are  to  be  sent  for  repairs. 


BAD  ORDER 


To  be  Repaired  at 

. Inspector. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  229 

C.  D.  Form  16. 

FOREMAN'S  DAILY  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT  OF 

CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  CARS  DAMAGED 

IN  SWITCHING. 


At_ 


.Station.        Date. 


.19 . 


NOTE.— This  report  is  to  be  sent  to  the  superintendent  of  car  depart- 
ment and  should  include  an  account  of  all  cars  damaged  in  switching  or 
otherwise  at  stations. 


Initial.     No. 


Description  of  Damage. 


Cause  of  Damage. 


The  purpose  of  this  report  Is  to  advise  the  superintendent  of  car  depart- 
ment daily  of  all  cars  damaged  as  stated;  this  for  purposes  of  record  and 
that  corrective  measures  may  bo  enforced  when  the  damage  is  caused  by 
carelessness  or  neglect. 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


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SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  231 

C.D.  Form  18. 

REPORT  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT 

TO  YARD  MASTER  OF  CARS  READY  FOR 

SERVICE  IN  REPAIR  YARD 


At_ 


Date. 


NOTE.— This  form  is  used  by  the  superintendent  of  car  department  to 
notify  the  yard  master  of  cars  to  be  put  in  service  that  have  been  repaired 
and  for  which  special  disposition  has  been  made.  It  is  also  sometimes  used 
as  a  medium  for  ordering  other  cars  (home  and  foreign)  to  be  moved. 


The  following  cars  are  now  ready  for  service 


Destination 


232  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.  D.  Form  19 

REPAIR  YARD  FOREMAN'S  DAILY  REPORT  TO  SUPER- 
INTENDENT OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  CARS  IN 
REPAIR  YARD  READY  FOR  SERVICE,  NOT  INCLUD 
ING  FOREIGN  CARS. 


At_ 


Date. 


NOTE. — This  form  should  be  used  by  the  repair  yard  foreman  at  car 
shops  to  report  to  the  superintendent  of  car  department  daily  the  number  of 
each  class  of  cars  that  have  been  repaired  and  are  ready  for  service.  The 
superintendent  in  turn  advises  the  car  service  agent  in  order  that  he  may 
make  disposition  of  same. 


Furniture 

Stock 

Gondola 

Flat 

Beer 

Refrigerator 

Gravel 

Ore 

Way 

Raised  Center 

Charcoal 

Hay 

Loads 

Cinder 

Coal  Sides 

Vegetable 

Boarding 

Tool 


The  object  of  this  report  is  to  keep  the  superintendent  of  car  department 
and  the  car  service  agent  advised  of  the  number  of  the  different  classes 
of  cars  in  repair  yard  ready  for  service  so  that  the  cars  may  be  put  into  ser- 
vice with  as  little  delay  as  possible.  The  total  number  in  yard  will  be 
reported  dally  without  reference  to  whether  they  have  been  reported  before 
or  not. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  233 

C.  D.  Form  20. 

REPAIR  YARD  FOREMAN'S  DAILY  REPORT  TO  SUPER 
INTENDENT  OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  FOREIGN 
CARS  IN  REPAIR  YARD  READY  FOR  SERVICE. 


At_ 


Date. 


..19 


NOTE.— This  blank  is  to  be  used  by  the  repair  yard  foreman  to  report  to 
the  superintendent  of  car  department  daily  the  number  of  foreign  cars  re- 
paired and  ready  for  service.  He  will  in  turn  advise  the  car  service  agent  in 
order  that  proper  disposition  of  the  same  may  be  made  without  delay. 


Car  Nos. 


284  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.  D.  Form  21. 

DAILY  REPORT  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR  DE- 
PARTMENT TO  CAR  SERVICE  AGENT  OF  FREIGHT 
CARS  RECEIVED  FOR  REPAIRS  AND  CARS  REPAIRED 
AND  READY  FOR  SERVICE. 


Date 


.19- 


NOTE.—  This  letter  of  advice  should  be  made  daily  to  the  car  service 
agent  by  the  superintendent  of  car  department.  Its  purpose  is  to  keep  the 
car  service  agent  advised  regarding  freight  cars  set  aside  for  repairs,  and 
those  that  have  been  repaired  and  are  ready  for  service. 


CARS  RECEIVED  FOR   REPAIRS 


CARS  REPLACED  IN  SERVICE 


SUPERVISION  OF  (JARS. 


235 


C.  D.  Form  22. 

REPORT   OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT 
OF  PARTICULARS  OF  NEW  EQUIPMENT  RECEIVED. 


At Date 19 

NOTE.— This  report  is  to  be  made  by  the  superintendent  of  car  department 
to  the  proper  official  of  new  equipment  received  and  the  date  when  it  will  go 
into  service. 


Jy  whom 
built. 


Class  of 
quipment 


Initials  and  Numbers. 


Date  will 
go  into 
service. 


236  SCIENCE  OF  RA1 L  WA  Yti 


C.  t>.  Form  23. 

WEEKLY  REPORT  OP  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR 
DEPARTMENT  OF  PARTICULARS  OF  CARS  DE- 
STROYED. 

This  report  is  valuable  to  Operating  officials 
and  others  as  current  information  in  regard  to 
the  car  equipment.  It  is  in  fact  a  copy  of  the 
record  kept  in  the  office  of  the  Superintendent  of 
Car  Department  of  the  cars  destroyed  and  the 
reason  therefor  during  the  period  for  which  re- 
turn is  made.  It  is  to  be  remembered  in  this 
connection  that  a  historical  record  is  kept  of 
every  car:  its  number,  by  whom  made,  when  it 
entered  the  service,  date  of  its  destruction,  and 
other  particulars,  as  recounted  elsewhere.  This 
historical  record,  therefore,  furnishes  accurate 
information  in  regard  to  each  car  whether  still 
in  the  service  or  broken  up.  And  it  is  to  this 
record  that  the  officers  go  to  find  numbers  for 
the  new  cars  put  in  service  to  replace  those  that 
have  been  destroyed;  and  also  to  find  the  deficien- 
cies that  exist  in  the  car  equipment. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


287 


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238  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.  0.  Form  24. 

REPAIR  YARD  FOREMAN'S  DAILY  REPORT  TO  SUPER. 

INTENDENT  OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  REPAIRED 

AND  BAD  ORDER  CARS  ON  HAND. 


NOTE.—  This  report  should  be  made  at  the  close  of  each  day's  work  and 
sent  to  the  superintendent  of  car  department  by  all  repair  yard  foremen. 
.It  should  show  the  total  number  of  bad  order  cars  on  hand  needing  heavy 
und  light  repairs  and  the  number  of  cars  on  hand  that  have  received  such 
repairs.  Aside  from  this  the  box  cars  are  shown  separately. 


Bad  Order  Cars 

Cars  repaired 

Heavy 
repairs 

Light 
repairs 

Heavy 
repairs 

Light 
repairs 

Painted 

Applied 

Remarks 

Total 

No.  of 

cars 

of  all 

kinds 

Total 

No.  of 

box 

cars 

The  object  of  this  report  is  to  keep  the  superintendent  advised  of  the 
number  of  bad  order  and  repaired  cars  on  hand,  not  in  service,  and  the 
amount  of  work  to  be  done  on  the  former;  this  with  the  object  of  taking 
such  measures  as  may  be  necessary.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  number  of 
cars  is  given  In  gross  in  the  first  instance,  only  box  cars  being  particularized 
afterwards.  It  would,  perhaps,  add  to  the  value  of  the  report  in  some  cases 
if  each  class  of  cars  were  specified  instead  of  being  bulked. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  239 

C.  0.  Form  25. 

DAILY  REPORT  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  REPAIRED  AND  BAD  ORDER  CARS 
ON  HAND. 


Date. 


NOTB.— This  report  for  the  whole  road  is  compiled  dally  by  the  superin- 
tendent of  car  department.  It  is  a  summary  of  form  24.  A  copy  is  sent  by 
"him  to  each  of  the  officials  interested  in  the  movement  of  cars. 


Place. 

BAD  ORDER  CARS. 

CARS  REPAIRED. 

Total  of  all 
cars. 

Box  cars. 

Total  of  all 
cars. 

Box  cars. 

Total, 

This  report  is  a  summary  of  form  24,  and  is  made  for  the  information  of 
officers  interested.  It  furnishes  information  regarding  all  cars  on  hand  in 
bad  order  or  that  have  been  repaired  and  await  service  in  the  various  repair 
yards  of  the  company.  The  number  of  box  cars  is  shown  separately  because 
of  the  great  demand  for  that  class  of  cars.  It  would,  perhaps,  add  to  the 
value  of  the  report  if  each  of  the  other  classes  of  cars  were  similarly  partic- 
ularized. On  one  road  coal  cars  might  predominate;  on  another  road,  ore 
oars,  and  so  on. 


240  t&lEXCB  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  D.  Form  26. 


SEMI-WEEE  /,Y  REPORT  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR 
DEPARTMENT  OF  PASSENGER  AND  FREIGHT  CARS 
TO  BE  REPAIRED  OR  REBUILT. 

This  report  is  designed  to  keep  those  respons- 
ible directly  or  indirectly  for  car  equipment 
(including  the  Superintendent  of  Car  Depart- 
ment) advised  of  prospective  work  in  connection 
with  the  work  of  repairing  and  rebuilding  cars. 
This  with  the  view  of  such  intelligent  co-opera- 
tion as  the  expense  involves  and  the  needs  of  the 
service  require.  It  is  properly  a  summary  of  the 
whole  road;  or  maybe  made  for  particular  shops, 
as  may  be  required. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  241 

C.  D.  Form  26. 

SEMI-WEEKLY  REPORT  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR 
DEPARTMENT  OF  PASSENGER  AND  FREIGHT  CARS 
TO  BE  REPAIRED  OR  REBUILT. 


Date. 


NOTE.— This  report  is  made  by  the  superintendent  of  car  department  to 
the  operating  officers  interested  in  such  matters. 


Classification. 

To  be  repaired. 

To  be  rebuilt. 

Remarks. 

Passenger 

Dining 

Sleepers 

Beer 

Hoarding 
Box 

Derrick 

Ditching 

Dump 

Excavator 

Flat 

Furniture 

Foreign 

Gondola 

Ore 

Pile  driver 

Refrigerator 

Stock 

Way 

- 

Totals 

242  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.  D.  Form  27. 

WEEKLY  REPORT  OF  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR  DE- 
PARTMENT TO  CAR  SERVICE  AGENT  OF  PARTICU- 
LARS OF  PASSENGER  CARS  TO  BE  REPAIRED  OR 
REBUILT. 


At_ 


.Shop.     For  the  week  ending . 


19  _ 


NOTE.— This  report  is  made  weekly  to  the  car  service  agent  by  the  super- 
intendent of  car  department  and  keeps  the  former  advised  of  cars  temporar- 
ily withdrawn  from  service  and  when  they  will  be  reinstated. 


Number. 


Class. 


Route  in 
service. 


Repairs 
needed. 


Received.     Expected 
out. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


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SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


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SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  247 

C.  D.  Form  32. 

FOREMAN'S  MONTHLY  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT 
OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  SLEEPING  CARS  CLEANED. 


At. 


During  the  month  of_ 


19 


NOTE.— This  report  must  be  sent  to  the  superintendent  of  car  depart- 
ment by  the  foreman  in  charge  of  cleaning  yards  on  the  first  day  of  the 
month.  It  is  the  basis  of  a  charge  against  the  sleeping  car  company  for  the 
service  performed. 


DATE. 


NAME  OF  CAR. 


. 

K 


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SCIENCE  OF  EAILWATS. 


as  a* 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


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SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  251 

C.  D.  Form  36. 

FOREMAN'S  DAILY  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT  OF 
CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  AMOUNT  OF  GAS  SUPPLIED 
TO  CARS. 


.Station 


Date. 


NOTE.— This  report  Is  to  be  made  to  the  superintendent  of  car  depart- 
ment by  yard  foremen  and  should  show  the  amount  of  gas  charged  in  each 
car  daily.  The  number  of  cubic  feet  capacity  at  one  atmospheie  multiplied 
by  the  number  of  atmospheres  supplied  will  give  the  total  number  of  cubic 
feet  supplied. 


In  those  cases  where  cars  are  lighted  with  pas  a  report  of  this  character 
is  exacted  in  order  that  a  record  of  consumption  may  be  kept  in  the  office  of 
the  superintendent  of  car  department— or  elsewhere,  as  may  be  required— 
of  the  amount  of  gas  charged  in  each  car  daily.  A  report  of  this  kind  Is 
necessary— aa  in  cases  where  oil  is  used  for  lighting — not  only  to  properly 
supervise  the  work  but  to  furnish  necessary  information  for  apportioning 
the  expense  when  cars  are  used  jointly  by  two  or  more  roads. 

In  charging  a  car  the  quantity  of  gas  in  each  holder  is  first  ascertained 
by  means  of  a  gauge  shewing  the  number  of  atmospheres  pressure.  The 
holders  are  then  filled  with  gas  until  the  pressure  reaches  the  specified  num. 
ber  of  atmospheres  (usually  10  atmos.)  the  difference  between  the  two  read, 
ings  of  thd  gauge  showing  the  number  of  atmospheres'  SVpplWd. 


252  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.  D.  Form  37, 
FOREMAN'S  MONTHLY  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT 

OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  OPERATION  OF  PINTSCH 

GAS  PLANT. 
Report  of  operation  of  Pintsch  gas  plant  at for  month  ending 19 .. 

NOTE.— This  report  is  to  be  made  to  the  superintendent  of  car  department 
by  the  foreman  in  charge  of  the  gas  plant  on  the  first  day  of  the  month. 

Stock  of  gas  on  hand  at  close  of  last  monthly  report 19 cu.  ft. 

Reading  of  meter  last  monthly  report cu.  ft. 

"  "        now " 

Gas  made cu.  ft 

Gas  to  be  accounted  for...: " 

Gas  on  hand  now: 

Gas  holder  No.  1 cu.  ft. 

"    2 " 

"    3 " 

"    4 " 

"   5 ". " 

"  "    f " 


Total ' 

Gas  burned  in  works " 

"  delivered  to  cars " 

Total  gas  accounted  for cu.  ft. 

Gas  lost  by  compression  and  leakage " 

Percentage  of  loss  to  amount  made 

GAS  OH,  REPORT. 

Amount  of  oil  consumed galls. 

"  "  "        per  1,000  cu.  ft  of  gas  made " 

COST  OF  OPERATING 

Labor $ 

Oil  (for  making  gas) > 

Oil  (for  fuel) 

Miscellaneous ,   - •••  — 

Total : $ 

Cost  per  1,000  cu.  ft.  of  gas  made 

Gas  made  to  1  gallon  of  oil cu.  ft. 

Total  number  of  cars  charged  with  gas  during  the  month 

ATerage  number  of  cars  charged  with  gaa  per  day 


SUPERVISION  Of  CARS. 


258 


WORKMAN'S  DAILY  RECORD  OF  DISTRIBUTION 
LABOR  ON  MANUFACTURED  MATERIAL. 


Check  No. 


Rate 


Name 


Occupation 


DAILT  DISTRIBUTION  OF  LABOR. 


Hours 


Pieces     jOrder  number1  !  Mach 

Ccmple.ed     woikedon  Description  of  work 


'Foreman 


Ttls  report  is  to  be  made  daily  by  each  employe  working  upon  articles 
being  manufactured  by  the  company.  After  being  approved  by  the  foreman 
it  la  to  be  forwarded  to  the  time-Keeper  for  use  in  writing  up  his  accounts. 
It  is  then  given  to  the  cost  clerk  to  be  included  in  bis  account  of  the  cost  of 
the  article  being  manufactured.  The  form  should  be  printed  on  colored  pa- 
per in  order  to  distinguish  it  readily  from  other  labor  distribution  slips  cov- 
ering current  repairs,  etc. 


254 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


WORKMAN'S  DAILY  REPORT  OF  DISTRIBUTION  OF  SHOP  LABOR. 

1 

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s  . 

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SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  255 

C.  D.  Form  40. 

FOREMAN'S   REPORT    OF   PIECE    WORK    PERFORMED 
BY  EACH  EMPLOYE. 


Check  No 

Shop Shop,. 

To.... 


Please  allow. 


occupation nature  of  work.. 


number  of  pieces rate  per. 


time  engaged  in  above  work  from to.. 


Charge  to. 
Approved:. 


Foreman. 


This  report  is  to  be  made  to  the  foreman  for  each  employe  engaged  on 
piece  work.  After  being  approved  by  the  official  in  charge  the  report  Is  sent 
to  the  time-keeper  and  accounting  clerk  to  make  the  proper  allowance  of 
time  and  such  other  entries  as  are  necessary.  A  carbon  sheet  should  be  used 
and  the  copy  retained  by  the  foreman  for  his  record.  This  blank  may  be 
printed  on  colored  paper,  to  designate  it  readily  from  other  claases  of  labor. 


256  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  D.  Form  41. 

GENERAL  TIME  BOOK;  PARTICULARS  OF  HOURS 
WORKED  BY  EACH  MAN;  RATE  OF  PAY;  WAGES; 
AND  ON  WHAT  LABOR  WAS  EXPENDED. 

Foremen  having  charge  of  men  at  points  where 
there  is  no  timekeeper  should  use  this  blank  in 
recording  the  number  of  hours  worked  by  such 
men  separately,  each  day,  and  for  distributing 
the  time  daily  to  the  accounts  upon  which  the 
labor  was  expended. 

The  sheets  are  eyeletted  so  that  the  pages  may 
be  bound  in  one  book. 

At  the  end  of  the  month  the  total  time  worked 
during  the  month  by  each  man  should  be  sum- 
med up  and  entered  in  the  proper  column;  also 
the  total  amount  chargeable  to  each  of  the  ac- 
counts upon  which  work  has  been  performed. 
The  book  should  then  be  certified  to  by  the  fore- 
man and  forwarded  to  the  proper  official,  who 
will  enter  the  time  on  the  pay-roll  and  charge 
the  labor  to  the  proper  accounts  in  the  distribu- 
tion book. 

At  shops  this  form  is  used  by  the  timekeeper 
in  entering  the  time  of  employes  as  shown  on 
the  three  forms,  viz:  C.  D.  38,  C.  D.  39,  C.  D.  40. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


257 


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258 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


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SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


259 


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SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


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262  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.  D.  Form  45. 

FORM  OF  REFERENCE  BLANK  USED  IN  INVESTIGAT- 
ING THE  RECORD  OF  APPLICANTS  FOR  EMPLOY- 
MENT. 

19 


a  as  made  application  for  position 


_and  states  that  he  was  employed  by  you 


in  the  capacity  of from 19 

to 19 . 

If  consistent  will  you  kindly  inform  me  as  to  the  authenticity  of  his 
statement ;  also  state  if  in  your  judgment  he  would  be  able  to  perform  the 
duties  of for  which  position  he  is  an  applicant. 

Kindly  inform  me  as  to  the  cause  of  his  leaving  your  service,  noting 
your  reply  on  the  back  hereof. 

Any  information  given  will  be  treated  as  strictly  confidential. 
Yours  respectfully, 


It  is  the  custom  of  all  fidelity  and  surety  companies  as  it  is  of  all  pru- 
dent employers  of  labor,  to  inquire  carefully  into  the  antecedents  of  those 
seeking  employment.  In  no  other  way  can  they  escape  being  made  the  un- 
conscious and  pitiful  victims  of  designing  adventurers.  The  above  form  is 
exceedingly  brief  and  may  be  enlarged  or  modified  to  meet  the  particular 
views  of  the  employer  making  the  inquiry. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  263 

C.  D.  Form  48. 

FORM  OF  BLANK  USED  BY  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR 
DEPARTMENT  IN  ADVISING  FOREMEN  AND  OTH- 
ERS OF  PERSONS  ELIGIBLE  FOR  EMPLOYMENT. 


.Foreman. 


Dear  Sir:— 

The  bearer has  made  application  for 

position  as .      If  you  are  in  need  of  a  man  in 

this  department  of  the  service  you  may  employ  him,  after  satisfying  yourself 
as  to  his  ability  and  other  needed  qualities. 


REPLY. 


Referring  to  the  above,  this  is  to  certify  that  I  have  employed 

not  employed 


this  day,  and  rated  him  at per  hour. 


NOTE.-If  the  person  was  not  employed  return  the  form  simply  striking 
out  the  word  -employed."  If  employed  theform  should  be  filled  up  striking 
out  the  words  "not  employed."  If  engaged  in  shop  work  give  name  and 
number  of  shop. 


264  SCIENCE  OF  RAIL  WA  TS. 

C.  D.  Form  47. 

MASTER  CAR  BUILDER'S  DEFECT  CARD. 

The  rules  of  the  Master  Car  Builders  (Super- 
intendents of  Car  Department)  require  that  the 
"Defect  Card"  (printed  on  heavy  cardboard) 
shall  be  printed  in  red  ink — on  both  sides — and 
the  information  written  in  on  both  sides  of  the 
card  in  ink  or  with  indelible  pencil.  The  card  is 
issued  by  the  company  on  whose  line  the  car  was 
damaged,  and  authorizes  any  company  making 
the  repairs  to  make  a  bill  for  such  repairs  against 
the  company  issuing  the  card.  The  card  should 
specify  in  full  each  item  for  which  a  charge  may 
be  made,  indicating  the  place  on  the  car  where 
defect  exists.  Under  the  Master  Car  Builders' 
regulations  the  ends  of  the  car  are  designated  as 
"A"  and  "B";  the  "B"  end  being  that  upon 
which  the  brake  staff  is  located;  the  opposite  end 
being  "A."  In  case  there  are  two  brake  staffs  on 
the  same  car  the  end  toward  which  the  cylinder 
push  rod  travels  is  known  as  the  "  B"  end.  The 
defect  card  must  be  securely  attached  to  the  car 
with  four  tacks  and  must  be  placed  on  the  outside 
face  of  the  intermediate  sill  between' the  cross  tie 
timbers.  In  the  event  a  defect  card  is  detached 
or  becomes  illegible,  it  is  understood  that  a  dup- 
licate will  be  forwarded  upon  application. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


265 


Send  bill  for  repairs  account  of  this  card  to  superintendent  of  car  depart- 
ment of  the  company  issuing  same. 


I  ' 

a*    Q 
O 

1    \ 

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iSTER  CAR  BUILDER'S  DEF 
RAILWAY  COMPJ 

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•paBO  am  auinssi  uosaad  am  iq  pauitijaj  aq  <n  8]  qms  sjqj, 


266 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


EAI 

0 

H       2 

month  following 

erintendent 

43 

Remarks 

i 

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nk  for  use  of  sup 
lepartment 

n  account  of  defe 

No.  of  bill 

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| 
I 

us  biu, 
f  car  c 

c 

! 

I 

SUPERINTENDENT 
RS'  DEFECT  CARE 

•ing  the  month  of 

ndent  of  car  department 

Iijeave  these  colum 

c 

|  Hill  rend 

|  By  what  company 

- 

r  REPORT  TO  S 
ER  CAR  BUILDE 

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u 

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a  which  cards  w 

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Initials 

,     • 

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2 

SUPER  VISION  OF  CARS. 


267 


25              .a            a  ^  ofl 

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the  bill  attaii 

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268  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C  D.  Form  50. 

MASTER  CAR  BUILDERS'  REPAIR  CARD. 

When  repairs  are  made  to  a  foreign  car  this 
card  (printed  on  heavy  cardboard)  is  tacked  to 
the  outside  of  the  intermediate  sill  between  the 
cross  tie  timbers.  It  should  specify  the  date, 
place,  extent  and  reason  for  the  repairs  being 
made  and  by  what  company.  The  location  of 
the  repaired  part  should  also  be  specified  on  the 
card.  The  stub  should  be  sent  to  the  Superin- 
tendent of  Car  Department  for  his  use  in  making 
bill  against  the  company  responsible  and  it  is  to 
be  attached  by  him  to  such  bill.  In  those  cases 
where  no  bill  is  to  be  rendered,  the  stub  must  be 
forwarded  before  the  20th  of  the  succeeding 
month,  with  the  words  "No  bill"  written  across 
its  face.  In  case  no  charge  is  to  be  made  for  the 
repairs  the  words  "No  bill"  should  also  be  writ- 
ten across  the  face  of  the  repair  card. 

The  information  (in  each  case  the  same) 
should  be  tilled  in  on  both  sides  of  the  card  with 
ink  or  indelible  pencil.  In  case  of  repair  cards 
being  lost  or  becoming  illegible  duplicate  cards 
are  furnished  upon  application. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS 


269 


II 

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03  « 


-IB  qnis  aiBoiicTnp  aqi  3njn{t?ioj  inotni jrid.ip  Jtso  j<>  iuopu.ii«i 
-aadns  o)  aouo  ?B  qn;s  stqi  pnas  JBO  01  panddn  s(  paw  aatiM 


270 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


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SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


371 


£Xi    c 


Is 


1"! 


NOTE.—  This  report  is  to  be  made  in  duplicate  and  sent  with  the  repair  card  stub,  form  C.  D.  50,  to  the  superintend- 
ent of  car  department  Immediately  upon  wheels  being  applied  to  and  removed  from  foreign  cars. 

u 

_j 

X 
< 

ij 

1 

pairs,  all  information  appertaining 
superintendent  of  car  department. 
3r  bis  own  use.  Carbon  should  be 

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272 


SCIENCE  OF  If  AT  LW ATS. 


To  Railwav  Co..  Dr. 
For  repairs  to  cars  as  ner  Master  Car  Builders'  rnma.  Vnr  mnnt.h  of  19 

nee,  to  the  maker,  (or  correction. 

X 

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Superintendent  Car  Department. 
*>,  This  form  is  used  in  making  bills  against  individuals,  firms  and  corporations,  for  repairs  made  to  cars  with  which 
they  are  chargeable  under  M.  C.  B.  rules.  It  is  one  of  three  forms  made  at  one  writing  with  use  of  carbons,  viz  :  the 
original,  which  is  sent  to  the  individual,  firm  or  corporation  against  which  bill  is  made;  the  duplicate  which  is  sent  to 
headquarters  for  entry  on  the  general  books;  the  triplicate,  which  is  retained  for  record  in  the  office  in  which  it  is  made 

. 

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SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  278 

JOINT  EVIDENCE  CARD. 

Railway  Co 

Report  of  improper  repairs  to cars. 

Station Date 19. 

Car  No initials received  from R  y.  at Date 19.. 

Description  of  wrong  repairs How  repairs  should  be  made.... 


We  certify  above  to  be  correct  J Inspector  for Ry 

I inspector  for R'y. 

Show  how  carded  on  other  side. 


(The  following  is  printed  on  back  of  above  card:) 

Rail  way  Company. 

M.  C.  B.  DEFECT  CARD.    Issued  by. R'y.,at Date 19.. 

Inspector... Reading  as  follows 


M.C.B.  REPAIR  CARD.    Issued  by R'y.,  at Date 19.. 

Inspector Rcadingas  follows 


DISPOSITION  OF  CAR.    Carded  to shop;  repaired;  went 

forward  without  repairs. 


When  improper  repairs  have  been  made  to  a  car  by  a  foreign  company, 
this  card  (printed  on  heavy  card  paper)  is  used  to  descrioe  the  location  of 
the  parts  repaired  or  removed.  It  is  sent  to  the  company  making  the  Im- 
proper repairs  and  such  company  must  furnish  a  defect  card  (form  C.  D.  47) 
covering  the  wrong  repairs  if  made  by  it,  as  claimed.  The  joint  evidence 
card  is  not  tc  be  used  as  authority  for  making  a  bill  unless  accompanied  by 
a  repair  card  (form  C.  L>.  r>0)  upon  which  a  bill  has  been  made.  I  n  the  absence 
of  a  repair  card,  a  joint  evidence  card  is  to  be  sent  to  the  company  against 
which  evidence  has  been  presented  of  improper  repairs,  and  such  company 
must  furnish  a  defect  card  (form  C.  D.  47)  covering  the  wrong  repairs  if  made 
by  it  a*  claimed. 


274 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


SHOP  FOREMAN'S  REPORT  TO  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CAR  DEPARTMENT  OF  PARTICU 
LARS  OF  BRAKES,  TRUCKS,  ETC.,  UNDER  PASSENGER  CARS  RECEIVING  REPAIRS. 

At  Date  19 

^  a 
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NO.  OF 

PEDESTAL 

a 

1 

KIND  OF 
OIL  BOX 

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tment  by  the  sho 
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p 

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WEIGHT 
OF  CAR 

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£ 

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BRAKE 
SYSTEM 

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sis 

report  must  be  sent 
ough  the  shop.  Thi 
vhile  it  has  been  in 

»  1 

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IN 

5 

NOTE—  This 
cars  passing  thr 
meat  of  the  car 

PI 

0 

I 

ii 

SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


275 


• 

:::::::;::: 

PUT  INTO 
RVICB 

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276 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


1! 


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S  £3  3  s 
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SUPERVISION  OP  CARS. 


277 


or  Light  repairs. 
or  Medium  repairs, 
for  Heavy  repairs. 

AIRS. 

j 

!     I 

Hi 

83 

SSS  w 

•ii  8*-| 

IE!  * 

£££  0 

B'  ?^? 

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000      _ 

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NOTE,—  There  ap 
:  "  B  "  on  purple 
The  A  card  is  att: 
The  Beard  iaatu 
The  C  oard  Is  atl 
upwards. 

i 

&     S 

278  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  D.Formei. 

INSPECTOR'S  "O.K."  CARD  INDICATING  CARS  READY 
FOR  SERVICE. 


This  notice  (printed  on  beavy  cardboard)  ia  attached  to  each  end  of 
every  car  in  repair  yard  that  has  been  repaired  and  ia  ready  for  service.  It 
is  commonly  used  only  in  wet  weather,  c t alk  being  used  at  other  times. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS. 


279 


"s  i 

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s     t 

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lill 


mm 

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i 
i 
I 


i! 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

C.D.Form63. 

INSPECTOR'S  CARD  FOR  CARS  LOADED  WITH 
INFLAMMABLE  MATERIAL. 


HANDLE  CAREFULLY 

(Large  type;  red  ink.) 
THIS  CAR  IS  LOADED  WITH 

INFLAMMABLE  MATERIAL 

(Large  type;  red  ink.) 

In  case  of  leakage,  report  immediately  to  the  station  agent,  and 
place  car  where  it  will  not  be  exposed  to  fire  or  subject  employes  or 
others  to  danger. 


Station Initial  of  car No.  of  car 

Date Foreman. 


NOTE.— It  is  the  duty  of  the  inspector  in  charge  of  yards  where  oil  tank 
cars  and  other  cars  containing  oil,  are  received,  to  securely  attach  one  of 
these  cards  (printed  on  heavy  green  cardboard)  on  each  side  of  the  car  on 
some  part  of  the  side  sill,  or  other  conspicuous  place  where  it  can  be  easily 
seen,  so  that  it  may  serve  as  a  warning  to  trainmen  in  handling  the  car. 
Care  must  be  exercised  in  the  inspection  of  such  cars;  particularly  when 
found  to  be  in  a  leaky  condition.  In  the  latter  case  the  car  must  be  at  once 
reported  to  the  agent  in  charge  of  the  station,  so  that  he  may  take  such  ac- 
tion as  is  best  in  disposing  of  the  load.  Care  must  also  be  exercised  in  the 
use  of  lights  about  these  cars.  Every  effort  to  facilitate  the  movement  of 
such  cars  must  be  taken  on  the  part  of  the  car  department;  nor  must  It  lose 
time  in  reporting  the  condition  of  the  car  and  in  making  needed  repairs  when 
possible.  If  unable  to  make  repairs  the  fact  should  be  reported  to  the  proper 
official,  that  advice  and  assistance  may  be  rendered. 


SUPER  VISION  OF  CARS.  281 

HOME  ROUTE  CARD.  c.  D.  Form  64. 


FROM 


TO 

R.  R. 


VIA 


Car  No. Initials. 

To  be  shopped  for 


Superintendent  Car  Department. 


Whenever  a  foreign  car  is  unsafe  to  load— due  to  age  or  decay— the  owner 
must  be  advised  at  once.  If  he  wishes  it  sent  home,  be  must  furnish  two 
home  route  cards  (printed  on  heavy  white  cardboard  and  duly  signed)  of 
ibis  form.  He  must  note  thereon  the  defects  of  the  car  and  the  route  over 
which  it  should  be  returned  home.  These  cards  should  be  attached  to  each 
side  of  the  body  of  the  car.  The  cards  are  printed  alike  on  both  their  sides 
and  are  written  up  with  ink  or  indelible  pencil. 


SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 


C.  D.  Form  65. 
PENALTY  CARD. 


SPECIAL   HOME  ROUTE  CARD. 

Home  route  via R.  R 

at 

To  avoid  PENALTY 


this  car  must  ba  given  movement  to  above  junction  point  in  prefer- 
ence over  everything  except  time  freight  and  live  stock,  and  de- 
livery must  be  made  to  home  road  or  connecting  line  on  or  before 


(Printed  on  red  cardboard  in  conspicuous  type  ) 


19. 


A  foreign  car  may  be  used  by  a  company  under  the  per  diem  system  for 
the  agreed  number  of  days  for  the  minimum  charge  (say  20c  per  day).  If  the 
car  is  kept  by  the  company  more  than  the  stipulated  number  of  days  a 
penalty  charge  per  day  (in  addition  to  the  per  diem  rate)  is  charged  for 
every  day  that  the  car  is  thus  held.  A  penalty  notice  is  sent  by  the  company 
owning  the  car  to  the  company  on  whose  line  the  car  is  retained  (after  the 
car  has  been  on  such  line  twenty  consecutive  days),  giving  the  date  when 
the  holding  company  will  be  penalized.  On  receipt  of  such  notice  the  ajrent 
at  the  station  at  or  near  which  the  car  is  located  is  promptly  notified  in 
order  that  he  may  start  it  at  once  on  its  way  home  after  attaching  the 
penalty  card  described  above. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  283 

C.  0.  Form  66. 

REPORT  OF  INSPECTION  OF  CARS  AFTER  AN  ACCI- 
DENT TO  EMPLOYES  OR  OTHERS. 

This  form  is  used  to  report  the  details  of  accidents  when  persons  are 
killed  or  injured  by,  or  around  cars,  It  is  designed  to  enlighten  the  officers 
of  the  company  as  to  whether  the  accident  was  occasioned  by  defective  con- 
dition of  the  equipment  or  otherwise.  (Carbons  may  be  used  in  making  the 
copies.) 

Where  inspected Date 19.... 

Initials,  numbers  and  class  of  cars  inspected 

Name  of  person  injured  or  killed*. ..............!!!.!.....!.!!!!.....'.".'..'...!!!! 

Nature  of  accident  

Location  and  date  of  accident 

INSTRUCTIONS.— If  persons  are  injured  or  killed  while  coupling  or  un- 
coupling cars,  or  in  any  other  way  when  the  accident  may  have  been  caused 
by  defective  condition  of  the  equipment,  the  cars  must  be  immediately  ex- 
amined, to  ascertain  their  condition.  Keport  must  be  made  of  the  inspec- 
tion, giving  all  information  regarding  condition  of  the  cars  that  will  throw 
any  light  on  the  cause  of  and  responsibility  for  the  accident.  This  examina- 
tion should  be  made  by  the  inspector  or  car  foreman  (or  such  other  employe 
as  may  be  designated  by  the  proper  official),  assisted  by  at  least  two  other 
employes  as  witnesses,  who  must  also  sign  the  report.  This  report  should 
be  made  in  triplicate,  immediately  after  examination  of  cars,  and  a  copy 
sent  by  first  mail  to  the  general  claim  agent,  division  superintendent,  and 
superintendent  of  car  department,  respectively. 

COUPLERS. 

Kind  on  each  car? 

Height  from  top  of  rail  to  center  of  draft  line? 

In  what  condition? 

If  in  bad  order,  how  marked  and  where? 

Were  cars  equipped  with  castings  or  buffers  at  either  side  of  couplers? 

Were  knuckles,  chains,  pins  and  clevis  in  good  order?  

BRAKES. 

Kind  on  each  car? 

In  what  condition? 

If  broken,  how  caused? 

LADDERS. 

On  sides  or  ends  of  cars? 

In  what  condition? 

GRAB  IRONS. 

Location  on  cars? 

Height  from  floor  of  cars? 

In  what  condition? 

RUNNING  BOARDS. 

In  what  condition? 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Were  there  any  platforms  on  cars? 

Were  cars  loaded  or  empty? 

What  repairs  have  been  made  to  cars  since  accident? 

Remarks  (give  here  any  general  information  regarding  the  condition  of  the 
cars  not  included  in  the  above)  


Signature  of  person  making  inspection 

Occupation 

We,  the  undersigned,  were  present  and  helped  make  the  above  examina- 
tion and  hereby  certify  that  the  facts  as  stated  by 

in  above  report  are  true. 

Signature  of  witness 

Signature  of  witness 

*  strike  out  "killed"  or  "Injured,"  as  the  case  may  to«,  if  tne  accident 
does  not  cover  both  classes. 


284  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAY 8. 

C.  D.  Form  67. 
DISTRIBUTION  BLANK  FOR  MATERIAL  USED. 


.Office, Division.         Polio_ 


DISTRIBUTION  or  MATERIAL,  for  the  month  of. 


Chargeable  to  "Repairs  of  Passenger  Cars"  (to  illustrate). 


This  form  is  used  by  storekeepers  and  other  officials  and  employes  who 
have  charge  of  material  and  are  required  to  make  return  thereof  for  pur- 
poses of  accounting  and  otherwise.  A  separate  heading  ("Chargeable  to") 
is  opened  with  each  account  on  which  material  has  been  expended  so  far  as 
the  same  is  required  to  be  specifically  stated  by  the  regulations  of  the  ser- 
vice. The  blanks  are  furnished  in  loose  (detached)  sheets  so  that  the  person 
who  writes  them  up  may  take  an  impression  (or  carbon)  copy  before  they 
leave  his  hands;  this  in  order  to  save  the  cleru  al  work  that  would  otherwise 
be  required  in  making  a  written  copy.  The  impression  is  retained  for  local 
use  and  the  original  sent  to  headquarters. 

The  sheets  are  eyeletted  so  as  to  enable  the  person  making  the  return  to 
collect  them  together  (in  due  order)  and  bind  them  in  book  form  before  they 
leave  his  hands.  Covers  (similarly  eyeletted)  for  the  books  thus  formed  are 
furnished  with  the  blanks.  The  recapitulation  of  the  accounts  charged  (to 
be  given  in  the  back  part  of  the  book)  must  be  signed  by  the  storekeeper  or 
official  making  the  return. 


SUPERVISION  OF  CARS.  285 

C.  D.  Form  68. 

DISTRIBUTION  BLANK  FOR  LABOR  PERFORMED. 


_Offlce,  __.  .._  Division.     Folio 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  LABOR,  for  the  month  of. .  19_ 

Chargeable  to  "Repairs  of  Freight  Cars"  (to  illustrate). 


NAME  KIND  OF  SERVICE      t.me     Jo',™*a     RATE        "mount  Amoun 


Blanks  of  this  form  are  used  by  storekeepers  and  other  accountants  who 
are  required  to  render  returns  for  labor.  A  separate  heading  (i.  ».,  the 
name  of  the  general  account)  is  opened  with  each  account  on  which  labor 
has  been  expended  so  far  as  the  same  is  required  to  be  specltlcally 
stated  by  the  regulations  of  the  service.  The  blanks  are  furnished  in  loose 
(detached)  sheets  so  that  the  person  who  writes  them  up  may  take  an 
impression  (or  carbon)  copy  before  they  leave  his  hands;  this  in  order  to 
save  the  clerical  work  that  would  otherwise  be  required  in  making  a  written 
CODV  The  impression  is  retained  for  local  use  und  tho  original  smt  to 
headquarters.  The  sheets  are  eyeletted  so  as  to  enable  the  person  making 
the  return  to  collect  them  together  (in  due  order)  and  bind  them  in  bo< 
form  before  they  leave  his  hands.  Covers  (similarly  eyeletted)  for  the  books 
thu™  formed,  are  furnished  with  the  blanks.  The  recapitulation  of  the 
accounts  charged  (to  be  given  in  the  back  part  of  the  book)  must  bo  signed 
by  the  accountant  or  storekeeper  making  the  return. 


INDEX. 


Agent,  Car  Service— See  • '  Cat  Service  Agent. ' ' 

Agent's   daily    report   of  cars  received,   ordered,    placed   and 

released     (form) \ 85 

Agent's    daily    report    of    charges    assessed    for    storage    of 

freight     (form) 93 

Agent's  monthly  statement  of  uncollected  car  service  charges 

(form)   89 

Agent's    monthly    statement    ot    uncollected    storage    charges 

(form)    ...95 

Agent 's  order  for  freight  cars  (form) 40 

Agent's  telegraph  report  of  delayed  time  freight  forwarded 

(form)    57 

Agent 's  telegraph  report  of  time  freight  en  route  (form) 55 

Agent's  telegraph  report  of  time  freight  forwarded  (form)..  54 
Agent's   weekly   statement    of   car    service    charges   collected 

(form)    8H 

Agent's  weekly  statement  of  storage  charges  collected  (form).  94 

Application  for  employment  (form) 260,  261 

Auditor  of  car  accounts 99 

Auditor  of  car  accounts,  forms  used  by 117 

Authority  for  agent  to  refund  car  service  charges  (form)....  91 

Authority  to  cancel  car  service  charges  (form) 92 

Bill  against  individuals,  firms  and  corporations  (form) .272 

Blacksmith  shop   .174,  178 

Blanks — See  "  Forms. " 

Blank  used  by  superintendent  of  car  department  in  advising 

foremen    and    others   of   persons    eligible    for    employment 

(form)    263 

Cabinet  shop 174,  178 

Car,  freight — the  most  profitable 9 

Car  mileage 101 

Car    mileage,   effect   of -0 

Car  oilers,  duties  of 172 

Car  repairer's  report  of  particulars  of  special  repairs  made 

along  the   line    (form) 228 

Car  service   87 

Car  service  agent 5,  98 

Car  service  agent,  duties  of !• 

Car  service  agent,  forms  used  by 

Car  service  agent,  power  of 

(2*7) 


288  INDEX 

PAG* 

Car  service  associations 15 

Car  service,  list  of  forms  relating  to 83 

Car  service,  rules  governing 72 

Car  service  telegraphic  code 42 

Car  shops,  arrangement  of 169 

Car  smiths,  duties  of 172 

Car  supervision,  its  scope 59 

Car  transfer  tables 187 

Cars,  advertising  on 24 

Cars    and   men 3 

Cars,  care  and  maintenance  of 155 

Cars,  classification  of 65 

Cars,  construction  of 156,  157 

Cars,  distributing 5,  15 

Cars,   duty  of  traffic  officials  in  regard   to 3 

Cars,  effect  of  lack  of  system  in  handling 7 

Cars,  empty — effect  of •„ ...  8,  11 

Cars,  empty — movement  of 18 

Cars,  foreign    14 

Cars,   foreign — accounting   for 99 

Cars,   foreign — definition   of 23 

Cars,   foreign — distribution  of 99 

Cars,  foreign — handling 99 

Cars,  foreign — rules  governing 23,  24 

Cars,  freight — list  of 58 

Cars,  freight — supply  of  needed  by  railways 5 

Cars,  historical  record  of   (form) 104 

Cars,  joint  use  of  by  railroads 97 

Cars,    loading    67 

Cars,   lubrication   of 181 

Cars,   maintenance  of 155 

Cars,  multiplication  of  classes  of — effect  of !) 

Cars,  necessity  for  knowledge  of  location  of 12 

Cars,  passenger — supply  of  needed  by  railroads 6 

Cars,   repairs  to 176.  177 

Cars,  rules  governing  interchange  and  joint  use  of 23 

Cars,   special — use  of 10 

Cars,  stenciling 24 

Cars,  supply  of  needed  by  railways 5 

Cars,  their  place  in  railways 3 

Cars,  unloading 67 

Cars,  use  of 5 

Charges,  per  diem — rules  governing 107 

Charges,    demurrage    67 

Charges,   storage    67 

Coal,  loading  and  unloading 74 

Code,  car  service  telegraphic 42 

Coke,  loading  and  unloading 74 


INDEX.  289 

Commodity  statements  

Comparative   statement    of   passenger   and   freight'  'train '  and     * 
car  movement    (form)..,  i,a 

Competitive  freight   "  .  ] 

Conductor's  report  of  freight  train  (fom )'.'.'.'.'.'. 32^' 33,'l42, 'l43 
Conductor's  telegraph  report  of  time  freight   left    (delayed) 

en  route    (form) 56 

Correction  report— notice  of  errors  in'  report"  of  'delivery  'of 

foreign  cars    (form) j^g    127 

Daily  report  of  freight  cars  on  hand  (form) ! .   38    39 

Daily  report  of  superintendent  of  car  department  of  repaired 

and  bad  order  cars  on  hand  (form) 239 

Daily  report  of  superintendent  of  car  department  to  car  ser-" 
vice   agent   of  freight  cars  received   for  repairs  and    care 

repaired  and  ready  for  service  (form) 234 

Demurrage "37 

Demurrage,  list  of  forms  relating  to '  "  83 

Demurrage,  rules  governing !.'.!.!      ,'.  72 

Distribution  blank  for  labor  performed  (form) ............ .'.285 

Distribution  blank  for  material  used   (form) .  "  ! .284 

Division  superintendent's  advice  of  trains  moved   (form) 141 

Foreign  car,  definition  of  term. ., 106 

Foreign  car  order    (form ) 41 

Foreign  cars,  definition  of 23 

Foreign  cars,  rules  governing 23,  24 

Foreign  freight  car  record  (form) 30,  31,  146,  147 

Foreman  cabinet  department 184 

Foreman  of  outside  cleaning  yard 185 

Foreman  of  passenger  repairing  or  carpenter  shop 183 

Foreman  of  track  and  platform  repairs 184 

Foreman  of  trimming  department 184 

Foreman  painter    184 

Foreman  tinner 184 

Foreman  npholsteier 184 

Foreman 's  clerk,  duties  of 173 

Foreman's  daily  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department 

of  amount  of  gas  supplied  to  cars  (form) 251 

Foreman's  daily  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department 

of  cars  damaged  in  switching  (form) 229 

Foreman's  daily  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department 

of  particulars  of  steel  tired  wheels  turned  (form) ..  .220,  221 
Foreman's  monthly  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department 
of  material  used  and  labor  performed  on  repairs  of  passen- 

ger  equipment  in  joint  service  (form) 250 

Foreman 's  monthly  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department 
of  men  hired  and  dismissed  (form) 259 


290  INDEX. 

PAG* 

Foreman's  moathly  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department 

of  oil  and  waste  used  in  car  department  (form) 204,  205 

toreman's  monthly  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department 

of  operation  of  Pintsch  gas  plant  (form) 252 

foreman 's  monthly  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department 
of  particulars  of  cast  iron  wheels  removed  from  passen- 
ger cars  (form) 210,  211 

Foreman 's  monthly  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department 
of  particulars  of  steel  tired  wheels  applied  to  or  removed 

from  cars    (form) 208,  209 

Foreman's  monthly  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department 
of  particulars  of  wheels  removed  from  freight  cars  (form) 

214,  215 

Foreman 's  monthly  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department 

of  sleeping  cars  cleaned  (form) 247 

Foreman's    order    for    material    required    for    immediate   use 

(form) 202,  203 

Foreman's  report  of  piece  work  performed  by  each  employe 

(form) 255 

Foreman's  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department  of  par- 
ticulars of  condemned  and  worn  out  cars  (form) 230 

Foreman's    report    to    superintendent    of    car    department    of 

overtime    allowed    (form) 258 

Foreman's  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department  of  par- 
ticulars of  wheels  removed  from  and  applied  to  foreign 

cars  (form) 271 

Foreman's  weekly  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department 

of  cylinders  and  triple  valves  cleaned  and  oiled  (form)  .226,  227 
Foreman's  weekly  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department 

of  particulars  of  repairs  made  on  freight  cars  (form) 244 

Forms 28  to  58,  84  to  96,  104,  120  to  153,  198  to  285 

Forms,  car  department — list  of 189 

Forms,  importance  of. 22 

Forms,  list  of  car  service  agents' 25 

Forms  used  in  supervising  and  administering   the  demurrage 

and  storage  service,  list  of 83 

Foundry 174 

Freight,  competitive    6 

Freight,  delay  in  moving — effect  of 7 

Freight,    time — movement   of 21 

Freight  car  carpenters,  duties  of 172 

Freight  car  foremen,  duties  of 172 

Freight  car  repairers,  duties  of •  •  •  172 

Freight  car  repairers '  helpers,  duties  of 172 

Freight  in  bond,  unloading 74 

Gang  foremen,  duties  of 172 

General  foreman,  duties  of 171 

General  inspectors,  duties  of 171 


INDEX.  291 

General  time  book ;    particulars  of  hours  worked  by  each  man ; 

rate   of   pay;     wages;     and   on    what   labor   was   expended 

(form)  . . 256,  257 

Grain,  loading  and  unloading 73  74 

Handy  men,  duties  of : \  .  /172 

Hay,  loading  and  unloading 74 

Headquarters  record  of  car  service  for  station  named  (form).  87 

Historical  record  of  cars  (form) 104 

Holidays,  exemption  of  in  computing  time 73 

Home,  definition  of  term lOfi 

Home  car,  definition  of  term 106 

Home  junction,  definition  of  term . ! . . 106 

Home  road,  definition  of 23,  106 

Home  route,  definition  of  term 106 

Home  route  card  (form) 281 

Home  route  junction,  definition  of  term 106 

Inspectors  at  terminal  stations 185 

Inspector's  "bad  order"  card  to  be  attached  to  cars  needing 

repairs  (form) 228 

Inspectors'  card  for  cars  loaded  with  inflammable  material 

(form)  280 

Inspector's  card  for  freight  cars  equipped  with  oil  heaters 

( form)  279 

Inspector's  daily  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department 

of  particulars  of  passenger  cars  received  from  and  delivered 

to  foreign  lines  (form) 249 

Inspector's  monthly  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department 

of  Master  Car  Buliders'  defect  cards  issued  (form) 266 

Inspector's  notices  to  be  attached  to  cars  needing  repairs 

(forms) 277 

Inspector's  "O.  K."  card  indicating  cars  ready  for  service 

(form)  278 

Inspector's  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department  of 

particulars  of  flat  wheels  under  passenger  cars  (form).  222,  223 
Inspector's  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department  of  par- 
ticulars of  hot  boxes  (form) 224,  225 

Interchange  inspectors,  duties  of 171 

Interchange  of  cars,  rules  governing 23 

Interchange  slip  (record)  of  cars  delivered  (form) 120,  121 

Invoice  of  material  (form) 198,  199 

Joint  evidence  card  (form) 273 

Joint  use  of  cars  by  railways,  accounting  needed 97 

Joint  use  of  cars,  rules  governing 23 

Junction  report  of  cars  delivered  to  connecting  road  (form) 

124,  125 

Letter  of  advice  accompanying  reclaim  statement  (form) ...  .134 
List  of  freight  cars 68 


292  INDEX. 

PAGE 

Local  freight  car  record  (form) 28,  29,  144,  145 

Local  inspectors 185 

Local  inspectors,   duties  of 171 

Machine  shop  174,  178 

Master  car  builder,  see  also  "Superintendent  of  Car  Depart- 
ment "  171 

Master  car  builders'  defect  card  (form) 264,  265 

Master  car  builders'  repair  card  (form) 268,  26!) 

Mileage  of  loaded  freight  cars   (form) 139 

Missing  record  report,  owner's  request  upon  other  companies 

for  missing  record  of  its  cars  (form) 128 

Monthly  statement  of  comparative   quantity  and   cost   of  oil 

waste  and  tallow  used  on  cars  (form) ,206,  207 

Monthly    statement   of   corrections   and   omissions   in    account 

rendered  of  per  diem  and  other  credits  (form) 131 

Monthly   statement    of  freight   train   service    and    mileage   of 

freight   cars    (form) 150,  151 

Monthly   statement   of  passenger   train   service   and    mileage 

of  passenger  train  cars   (form) 152,  153 

Monthly    statement   to    the    railroael    company   of   car    service 

charges  chargeable  against  its  agent   (form) 90 

Monthly  statement,  to  the  railroad  company  of  storage  charges 

chargeable  to  its  agent  (form) 96 

Monthly  summary  of  per  diem  and  other  credits  for  use  of 

freight  and  other  cars   (form) 130 

Monthly  summary  of  superintendent  of  car  department  of 
particular  sleeping  cars  cleaned  on  each  day  of  the  month 

(form) 248 

Monthly  report  of  superintendent  of  car  department  of  the 
gross  number  of  defective  cast  iron  passenger  wheels  re- 
moved and  the  names  of  the  manufacturers  (form) 212,  213 

Monthly  report  of  superintendent  of  car  department  of  par- 
ticulars of  passenger  cars  repaired,  and  repainted   (form).. 243 
Monthly   report   of  superintendent   of  car   department   of  the 
gross  number  of  defective  freight  wheels  removed  and  the 

names  of  the  manufacturers  (form) 216,  217 

Monthly  report  of  superintendent  of  car  department  of  wheels 
that  have  failed  to  meet  the  guarantee  o±  manufacturers 

(form)     218,  219 

Notice  of  errors  and  omissions  used  by  car  service  agent  (form)  45 

Notice  of  material  ordered  (form) 198,  200 

Notice   to    agent    of   errors    and    omissions   in   his   daily    car 

service   report    (form) 86 

Notice  to  owner  of  car  of  its  cars  delivered  by  a  foreign  line 

to  another  foreign  company  (form) 36 

Notice  to  paying  officer  of  amount  of  per  diem  and  car  mileage 

charges  due  other  roads   (form) 149 

Oilers  and  inspectors,  duties  of  .t 173 


tXDKX.  298 

PAGE 

Oil,   lubricating    jgl 

Pattern  shop l^y 

Penalty    card    ( form ) 282 

Penalty  notice,  owner's  notice  to  connecting  road  of  penalty 
to  be  charged  for  the  failure  to  return  its  cars  (form) ..  .".135 

Per  diem    101,  102 

Per  diem,  effect  of 20 

Per  diem  reclaim  statement  (form) 132,  133 

Per  diem — monthly  report  (to  owners  of  cars)  of  per  diem 
and  penalty  credits  accruing  account  of  such  cars  (form).. 129 

Per  diem,  rules  governing 107 

Piston  jack   (illustration) 180 

Planing  mill 174,  178 

Private  car,  definition  of  term 106 

Rate,   per   diem — rules   governing 107 

Bate  per  ton  per  mile 64 

Kates  for  special  services  between  railways 113 

Record   of  orders  received   by  car  service  agent  for   freight 

cars    (form) 52,  53 

Record  of  material  ordered   (form) 198,  201 

Record  of  superintendent  of  car  department  of  freight  cars 

(form)     276 

Record    of    superintendent    of   car    department    of    passenger 

cars    ( form) 275 

Record  switching  reclaims   (form) 148 

Reference  blank  used  in  investigating  the  record  of  applicants 

for  employment  ( form ) 262 

Repair  yard  foreman's  daily  report  to  superintendent  of  car 
department  of  cars  in  repair  yard  ready  for  service,  not 

including   foreign   cars    (form) 232 

Repair  yard  foreman's  daily  report  to  superintendent  of  car 
department  of  foreign  cars  in  repair  yard  ready  for  ser- 
vice (form) 233 

Repair  yard  foreman's  daily  report  to  superintendent  of  car 

department  of  repaired  and  bad  order  cars  on  hand  (form). 238 
Report  of  inspection  of  cars  after  an  accident  tc  employes  or 

others   (form) 283 

Report  of  interchange  of  freight  cars  delivered  to  other  lines 

(form)    122,  123 

Report    of  interchange   of   freight  cars   received   from   other 

lines    (form) " 122,  123 

Report  of  interchange  of  freight  cars  with  other  lines  fform) 

34,   35 

Report  of  journal  bearings,  air  brake  ho«e  and  knuckles  ap- 
plied to  foreign  freight  cars  by  trainmen  (form) 270 

Report  of  superintendent  of  car  department  of  particulars,  of 
new  equipment  received  (form) 286 


294  INDEX. 

PAGE 

Beport  to   owners  of  delivery   of   their   cars   to   other   roads 

(form) 124,  125 

Eeport  to  superintendent  of  car  department  of  repairs  to  for- 
eign cars  account  master  car  builders'  defect  cards — (form)  .267 
Eeport   of  superintendent  of  ear  department  to  yard   master 

of  cars  ready  for  service  in  repair  yard  (form) 231 

Bequisition  for  and  invoice  of  material  (form) 198,  199 

Eules  governing  interchange  and  joint  use  of  cars 23 

Scrap  yard    175 

Semi-weekly  report  of  superintendent  of  car  department  of 
passenger  and  freight  cars  to  be  repaired  or  rebuilt  (form) 

240,  241 

Shop  foreman's  monthly  report  of  superintendent  of  car 
department  of  material  used  and  labor  performed  on  repairs 

of  sleeping  cars   (form) 24G 

Shop  foreman's  report  to  superintendent  of  car  department  of 
particulars  of  brakes,  trucks,  etc.,  under  passenger  cars  re- 
ceiving repairs  ( form ) 274 

Shop  for  painting  and  repairing  passenger  cars 186 

Shops,  car — arrangement  of 169 

Shops,    location    of 155,  156 

Shops,   repair    . 18-' 

Shops,  system  of  work  in 176 

Statement  showing  the  total  tonnage  capacity  of  freight  cars 
in  the  service  on  the  last  day  of  the  month  as  comparrd 
with  the  previous  month,  the  number  of  ears  and  the  ton- 
nage capacity  thereof  retired  and  replaced  during  the  month 
and  the  number  of  cars  destroyed  to  be  rebuilt  (form)  .136,  137 
Statement  to  owner  of  the  number  of  miles  run  by  its  passen- 
ger equipment  on  the  lines  of  a  foreign  road  (form) 140 

Station  record  of  cars  Subject  to  car  service  (form) 84 

Statistics,  freight  train 60 

Storage,  list  of  forms  relating  to 83 

Storage,  rules  governing — . 72 

Storage  service    67 

Straw,  loading  and  unloading .-. 74 

Superintendent  of  car  department 155 

Superintendent's  daily  telegraph  report  of  freight  cars  wanted 

and  available    (form) 50,  51 

Superintendent's  telegraph  report  of  foreign  freight  cars  on 

hand  for  which  there  is  no  use  (form) 48,  49 

Switching  service,  definition  of  term 107 

Telegraph  empty  car  report   (form) 46,  47 

Telegraph  notice  to  agents  of  freight  billed  to  them  (form) . .  43 
Telegraph  order  directing  movement  of  freight  cars  (form)..  44 

Time,  computing   73 

Tons  carried  one  mile 64 

Tracei  for  delayed  freight  cars  (form) 37 


PAGE 

Tracks  for  car  shops 179,  186 

Tracks  for  storage  of  wheels 178 

Traffic  officials,  duties  of  in  regard  to  cars 3 

Trains,  classification  of 65 

Trains,  freight — statistical  information  in  regard  to 60,  61 

Trains,    freight — particulars   of 59 

Warehousing,    rules   governing 72 

Waste,  care  and  use  of 181 

Weekly  report  of  superintendent  of  car  department  of  par- 
ticulars of  cars  destroyed  (form) 236.  237 

Weekly  report  of  superintendent  of  car  department  of  par- 
ticulars of  repairs  made  on  freight  cars  at  various  points 

(form)     245 

Weekly  report  of  superintendent  of  car  department  to  car 
service  agent  of  particulars  of  passenger  cars  to  be  re- 
paired or  rebuilt  (form) 24f 

Weighing  associations 15 

Weight,  freight — computing 76,  77 

Wheels,  mounted — loading  and  unloading 17f> 

Wheels,   storing    178 

Workman's  daily  record  of  distribution  of  labor  on  manu- 
factured material  (form)  253 

Workman's  daily  report  of  distribution  of  shop  labor  (form). 254 
Wrecking   derrick    I75 


Kirkman's  Complete  Works* 


THE  SCIENCE  OF  RAILWAYS. 

This  great  work  is  of  inestimable  value  to  those  who  look  for  advancement 
in  railway  work;  also  to  those  who  by  greater  knowledge  of  railway  affairs 
seek  to  become  more  useful  to  their  employers.  It  is  a  library  of  Reference 
and  Instruction ;  a  recognized  standard  work  on  railways,  at  once  concise, 
clear  and  comprehensive.  It  represents  forty  years  of  continuous  effort  on  the 
part  of  the  author,  who  has  had  nearly  fifty  years  of  practical  experience  as 
a  railway  officer.  Thus,  through  his  thorough  acquaintance  with  the  business, 
coupled  with  years  of  study,  aided  by  the  advice  and  co-operation  of  railway 
men  of  genius  and  vast  experience  in  different  departments  of  the  service,  he 
has  been  able  to  complete  this  great  and  lasting  exposition  of  railway  affairs. 

THE  ROMANCE  OF  GILBERT   HOLMES. 

A  romance  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  in  the  early  days,  told  with  captivat- 
ing power.  Strong  in  plot,  the  most  stirring  adventures  are  interwoven  with  a 
love  story  which  is  idyllic  and  full  of  charm. 

"Of  the  beauty  and  delicacy  of  the  author's  touch  there  can  be  no  question." — 
Chicago  Tribune. 

"Each  chapter  contains  something  of  interest.  The  love  story  gently  and  grace- 
fully pervades  the  whole  b9ok." — Vanity  Fair. 

"A  vivid  and  stirring  picture  of  adventure.  Incident  and  romance  that  holds  the 
interest  of  the  reader  from  the  start.  A  pretty  love  story  runs  through  the  book, 
told  with  so  much  delicacy  and  tenderness  that  it  is  a  distinct  charm." — Baltimore 
American. 

"Wherever  opened,  something  beautiful  is  found." — The  Christian  Nation,  New 
York. 

ISKANDER. 

A  romance  of  the  Court  of  Philip  of  Macedon  and  Alexander  the  Great. 
Full  to  the  brim  with  stirring  achievements.  A  page  of  history  rewoven  with 
the  warp  and  woof  of  love  and  hate  and  intrigue  and  conflict. 

"A  delightful  love  story." — Philadelphia  Inquirer. 

"A  swinging  story  of  battle,  intrigue,  adventure,  and  that  gentler  thing,  love." — 
Chicago  Post. 

"Well  told.  Full  of  tragic  incident  and  stirring  movement." — New  Orleans 
Picayune. 

"Replete  with  vivid  description,  enthralling  incident  and  soulful  love  passages." 
— New  York  Clubwomen. 

"The  love  of  Alexander  and  Roxana  is  described  with  great  tenderness  and  the 
intrigue  of  the  Macedonian  Court  is  drawn  with  skill  and  historic  precision." — 
Washington  Star. 

PRIMITIVE  CARRIERS. 

In  portfolio  form,  embracing  fifteen  hundred  beautiful  engravings,  por- 
traying the  primitive  peoples  of  the  world  and  their  methods  of  carriage  in 
every  age  and  quarter  of  the  globe. 

"A  more  interesting  series  of  illustrations  it  would  be  difficult  to  imagine,  or 
one  that  could  give  more  clear  and  positive  instruction  in  the  history  of  humanity." 
— New  York  Sun. 

"A  superb  volume,  original  in  conception  and  unique  in  literature  and  art." — 
Chicago  Tribune. 

PUBLISHERS  : 

THE  WORLD  RAILWAY  PUBLISHING  COMPANY, 
CHICAGO. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  AT  LOS  ANG 
THE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 

This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 


APR  2  6  1949 


L-9-15w-3,'c 


UNIVERSITY  of  CALIFORNIA 

AT 

LOS  ANGELES 
LIBRARY 


3""lT58  00405  8326 


l 

000508669    9 


